See also:

• HYDROLYSIS (Gr. 6Swp, water, Anew, to loosen)

HYDROLYSIS (Gr. 6Swp, See also:

• WATER

water, Anew, to loosen)  , in See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, a decomposition brought about by See also:

• WATER

water after the manner shown in the See also:

• EQUATION (from Lat. aequatio, aequare, to equalize)

equation R•X-{-H'OH=R•H+X•OH . See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research' has proved that such reactions are not occasioned by water acting as See also:

• H2O (combined)

H2O, but really by its ions (hydrions and hydroxidions), for the velocity is proportional (in accordance with the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of chemical See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass See also:

• ACTION

action) to the concentration of these ions . This fact explains the so-called " catalytic " action of acids and bases in decomposing such compounds as the See also:

• ESTERS

esters . The See also:

• TERM

term " saponification " (See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• SAGO

sago, See also:

• SOAP

soap) has the same meaning, but it is more properly restricted to the See also:

• HYDROLYSIS (Gr. 6Swp, water, Anew, to loosen)

hydrolysis of the fats, i.e. glyceryl esters of organic acids, into See also:

• GLYCERIN, GLYCERINE

glycerin and a soap (see CHEMICAL ACTION) . in small quantities to a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold dilute See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid . It is catalyst; for example, formic, glygollic, lactic, tartaric, malic, necessary that it should be as pure as possible since the commercial product usually contains traces of ferric, manganic and See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium oxides, together with some See also:

• SILICA

silica . To purify the See also:

• OXIDE

oxide, it is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid until the acid is neatly neutralized, the solution is cooled, filtered, and baryta water is added until a faint permanent See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white 'precipitate of hydrated See also:

• BARIUM (symbol Ba, atomic weight 137'37 [0=16])

barium peroxide appears; the solution is now filtered, and a concentrated solution of baryta water is added to the filtrate, when a crystalline •precipitate of hydrated barium peroxide, BaO28•H2O, is thrown down . This is filtered off and well washed with water . The above methods give a dilute aqueous solution of See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen peroxide, which may be concentrated somewhat by evaporation over sulphuric acid in vacua . H, P . See also:

• TALBOT (FAMILY)
• TALBOT, MARY ANNE (1778-1808)
• TALBOT, WILLIAM HENRY FOX (1800–1877)

Talbot and H . R .

See also:

• MOODY, DWIGHT LYMAN (RYTHER) (1837-1899)

Moody (Jour . Anal . Chem., 1892, 6,p . 65o) prepared a more concentrated solution from the commercial product, by the addition of a 1o% solution of See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol and baryta water . The solution is filtered, and the barium precipitated by sulphuric acid . The alcohol is removed by See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation in vacua, and by further concentration in vacuo a solution may be obtained which evolves 58o volumes of See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen . R . Wolffenstein (Ber., 1894, 27, p . 2307) prepared practically anhydrous hydrogen peroxide (containing 99•a% 11202) by first removing all traces of dust, heavy metals and ' See also:

• ALKALI

alkali from the commercial 3% solution . The solution is then concentrated in an open basis on the water-See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath until it contains 48% H202 . The liquid so obtained is extracted with See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether and the ethereal solution distilled under diminished pressure, and finally purified by repeated distillations . W .

Staedel (Zeit. f: avegew, Chem:, 1902, 15, p . 642) has described solid hydrogen peroxide, obtained by freezing concentrated solutions . Hydrogen peroxide is also found as 'a product in many chemical actions, being formed when See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon monoxide and See also:

• CYANOGEN (Gr. ebavos, blue 'yevvav, to produce), C2N2

cyanogen See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn in See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air (H . B . See also:

• DIXON
• DIXON, GEORGE (1755 ?–1800)
• DIXON, HENRY HALL (1822-1870)
• DIXON, RICHARD WATSON (1833-1900)
• DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (1821-1879)

Dixon); by passing air through solutions of strong bases in the presence of such metals as do not react with the bases to liberate hydrogen; by shaking See also:

• ZINC

zinc See also:

• AMALGAM

amalgam with alcoholic sulphuric acid and air (M . Traube, Ber., ' 1582, 1 5, p . 659); in the oxidation of zinc, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper in presence of water, and in the See also:

• ELECTROLYSIS (formed from Gr. Xbety, to loosen)

electrolysis of sulphuric acid of such strength that it contains two molecules of water to one See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

molecule of sulphuric acid (M . See also:

• BERTHELOT, MARCELLIN PIERRE EUGENE (1827–1907)

Berthelot, Comptes rendus, 1878; ' 86, P . 71)• The anhydrous hydrogen peroxide obtained by Wolffenstein boils at 84-85°C . (68 mm.); its specific gravity is 1.4996 (1.5° C.) . It is very explosive (W . See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring, Zeit. anorg .

Chem.; 1895, 8, p . 424) . The See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion See also:

• RISK

risk seems to be most marked in the preparations which have been extracted with ether previous to distillation, and J . W . Briihl (Ber., 1895, 28, p . 2847) is of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that a very unstable, more highly oxidized product is produced in small quantity in the See also:

• PROCESS

process . The solid variety prepared by Staedel forms colourless, prismatic crystals which melt at -2° C.; it is decomposed with explosive violence by See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum sponge, and traces of See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese dioxide . , The dilute aqueous solution is very unstable, giving up oxygen readily, and decomposing with explosive violence at See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo° C . An aqueous solution containing more than 1.5% hydrogen peroxide reacts slightly acid . To-wards lupetidin [See also:

• ACE (derived through the Lat. as, from the Tarentine form of the Gr. etc)

ace dimethyl piperidine, C5H9N(See also:

• CH3

CH3)21 hydrogen peroxide acts as a dibasic acid (A . Marcuse and R . Wolffenstein, Ber., 1901, 34, p .

2430; see also G . Bredig, Zeit . Electrochem., 1901, 7, p . 622) . Cryoscopic determinations of its molecular See also:

• WEIGHT

weight show that it is H202 . [G . See also:

• CARRARA
• CARRARA, or CARRARESI

Carrara, Rend. See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta Accad . dei Lincei, 1892 (5), 1, ii. p . 19; W . R . Orndorff and J . White, Amer .

Chem . Journ., 1893, 15, p . 347.] Hydrogen peroxide behaves very frequently as a powerful oxidizing See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent; thus lead sulphide is converted into lead sulphate in presence of a dilute aqueous solution of the peroxide, the hydroxides of the alkaline See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth metals are converted into peroxides of the type MO2BH20, See also:

• TITANIUM [symbol Ti, atomic weight 48.1 (0 = 16)]

titanium, dioxide is converted into the trioxide, See also:

• IODINE (symbol I, atomic weight '26.92)

iodine is liberated from See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium iodide, and nitriles(in alkaline solution) are converted into acid-amides (B .