See also:

• HYDROPHOBIA (Gr. iibwp, water, and 4osos, fear; so called from the symptom of dread of water), or RABIES (Lat. for" madness ")

HYDROPHOBIA (Gr. iibwp, See also:

• WATER

water, and 4osos, fear; so called from the symptom of dread of water), or RABIES (See also:

• LAT

Lat. for" madness ")  , an acute disease, occurring chiefly in certain of the See also:

• LOWER

lower animals, particularly the canine See also:

• SPECIES

species, and liable to be communicated by them to other animals and to See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . In See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

Dogs, &c.—The occurrence of rabies in the See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox, See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf, hyaena, See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal, See also:

• RACCOON
• RACCOON (or RACOON)

raccoon, See also:

• BADGER

badger and See also:

• SKUNK
• SKUNK (probably derived from " Seecawk," the Cree name for the skunk; another form given is " seganku ")

skunk has been asserted; but there is every See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that it is originally a disease of the See also:

• DOG

dog . It is communicated by inoculation to nearly all, if not all, warm-blooded creatures . The transmission from one See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal to another only certainly takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place through inoculation with viruliferous matters . The malady is generally characterized at a certain See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage by an irrepressible See also:

• DESIRE

desire in the animal to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act offensively with its natural weapons—dogs and other See also:

• CARNIVORA

carnivora attacking with their See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth, herbivora with their hoofs or horns, and birds with their beaks, when excited ever so slightly . In the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of excitement the malady may run its course without any See also:

• FIT

fit of fury or madness . Symptoms.—The disease has been divided into three stages or periods, and has also been described as appearing in at least two forms, according to the peculiarities of the symptoms . But, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, one See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the disease does not pass suddenly into another, the transition being almost imperceptible; and the forms do not differ essentially from each other, but appear merely to constitute varieties of the same disease, due to the natural disposition of the animal, or other modifying circumstances . These forms have been designated true or furious rabies (Fr. rage vrai; Ger. rasende Wuth) and dumb rabies (Fr. rage mue; Ger. stale Iiruth) . The malady does not commence with fury and madness, but in a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange and anomalous See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the habits of the dog: it becomes dull, gloomy, and taciturn, and seeks to isolate itself in out-of-the-way places, retiring beneath chairs and to See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd corners . But in its retirement it cannot See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest: it is uneasy and fidgety, and no sooner has it lain down than suddenly it jumps up in an agitated manner, walks backwards and forwards several times, again lies down and assumes a sleeping attitude, but has only maintained it for a few minutes when it is once more moving about . Again it retires to its corner, to the farthest See also:

• RECESS (Lat. recessus, a going back, withdrawal, from recedere, to withdraw)

recess it can find, and huddles itself up into a heap, with its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head concealed beneath its See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest and fore-paws .

This See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of continual agitation and inquietude is in striking contrast with its See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary habits, and should therefore receive See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . Not unfrequently there are a few moments when the creature appears more lively than usual, and displays an extraordinary amount of See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . Sometimes there is a disposition to gather up See also:

• STRAW

straw, See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread, bits of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, &c., which are industriously carried away; a tendency to lick anything See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, as See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, stones, &c., is also observed in many instances; and there is also a desire evinced to lick other animals . Sexual excitement is also frequently an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early symptom . At this period no disposition to bite is observed; the animal is docile with its See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master and obeys his See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice, though not so readily as before, nor with the same pleased countenance . There is something strange in the expression of its See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, and the voice of its owner is scarcely able to make it change from a sudden gloominess to its usual animated aspect . These symptoms gradually become more marked; the restlessness and agitation increase . If on straw the dog scatters and pulls it about with its paws, and if in a See also:

• ROOM

room it scratches and tumbles the cushions or rugs on which it usually lies . It is incessantly on the move, rambling about, scratching the ground, sniffing in corners and at the doors, as if on the See also:

• SCENT

scent or seeking for something . It indulges in strange movements, as if affected by some See also:

• MENTAL

mental influences or a See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey to hallucinations . When not excited by any See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence it will remain for a brief period perfectly still and attentive, as if watching something, or following the movements of some creature on the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall; then it will suddenly dart forward and snap at the vacant See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, as if pursuing an annoying See also:

• OBJECT

object, or endeavouring to seize a See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly . At another See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it throws itself, yelling and furious, against the wall, as if it heard threatening voices on the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, or was See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent on attacking an enemy .

Nevertheless, the animal is still docile and submissive, for its master's voice will bring it out of its frenzy . But the saliva is already virulent, and the excessive affection which it evinces at intervals, by licking the hands or face of those it loves, renders the danger very See also:

• GREAT

great should there he a See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound or See also:

• ABRASION (from Lat. ab, off, and radere, to scrape)

abrasion . Until a See also:

• LATE

late period in the disease the master's voice has a powerful influence over the animal . When it has escaped from all See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control and wanders erratically abroad, ferocious and restless, and haunted by horrid phantoms, the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar voice yet exerts its influence, and it is rare indeed that it attacks its master . There is no dread of See also:

• WATER

water in the rabid dog; the animal is generally thirsty, and if water be offered will See also:

• LAP

lap it with avidity, and See also:

• SWALLOW (A. S. swalewe, Icel. svala, Du. zwaluw, Ger. Schwalbe)

swallow it at the commencement of the disease . And when, at a later period, the constriction about the See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat—symptomatic of the disease—renders swallowing difficult, the dog will none the less endeavour to drink. and the tappings are as frequent and prolonged when deglutition becomes impossible . So little dread has the rabid dog of water that it will See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford streams and swim See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers; and when in the ferocious stage it will even do this in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to attack other creatures on the opposite side . At the commencement of the disease the dog does not usually refuse to eat, and some animals are voracious to an unusual degree . But in a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time it becomes fastidious, only eating what it usually has a See also:

• SPECIAL

special predilection for . Soon, however, this gives place to a most characteristic symptom—either the See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste becomes extremely depraved or the dog has a fatal and imperious desire to bite and ingest everything . The See also:

• LITTER (through O. Fr. litere or litiere, mod. litiere from Med. Lat. lectaria, classical lectica, lectus, bed, couch)

litter of its See also:

• KENNEL

kennel, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool from cushions, carpets, stockings, slippers, wood, grass, See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, stones, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-dung, even its own faeces and urine, or whatever else may come in its way, are devoured . On examination of the See also:

• BODY

body of a dog which has died of rabies it is so See also:

• COMMON

common to find in the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach a quantity of dissimilar and strange matters on which the teeth have been exercised that, if there was nothing known of the animal's See also:

• HISTORY

history, there would be strong See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence.of its having been affected with the disease .

When a dog, then, is observed to gnaw and eat suchlike matters, though it exhibits no tendency to bite, it should be suspected . The mad dog does not usually foam at the mouth to any great extent at first . The mucus of the mouth is not much increased in quantity, but it soon becomes thicker, viscid, and glutinous, and adheres to the angles of the mouth, See also:

• FAUCES (a Latin plural word for " throat "; the singular faux is rarely found)

fauces and teeth . It is at this period that the thirst is most ardent, and the dog sometimes furiously attempts to detach the saliva with its paws; and if after a while it loses its See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance in these attempts and tumbles over, there can no longer be any doubt as to the nature of the malady . There is another symptom connected with the mouth in that See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the disease named " dumb madness " which has frequently proved deceptive . The lower See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw drops in consequence of See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis of its muscles, and the mouth remains open . The interior is dry from the air passing continually over it, and assumes a deep red tint, somewhat masked by patches of dust or earth, which more especially adhere to the upper See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue and to the lips . The strange alteration produced in the dog's See also:

• PHYSIOGNOMY

physiognomy by its constantly open mouth and the dark See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the interior is rendered still more characteristic by the dull, sad, or dead expression of the animal's eyes . In this See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition the creature is not very dangerous, because generally it could not bite if it tried—indeed there does not appear to be much desire to bite in dumb madness; but the saliva is none the less virulent, and accidental inoculations with it, through imprudent handling, will prove as fatal as in the furious form . The mouth should not be touched, —numerous deaths having occurred through See also:

• PEOPLE

people thinking the dog had some See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign substance lodged in its throat, and thrusting their fingers down to remove it . The sensation of tightness which seems to exist at the throat causes the dog to act as if a See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone were fixed between its teeth or towards the back of its mouth, and to employ its fore-paws as if to dislodge it . This is a very deceptive symptom, and may prove equally dangerous if caution be not observed .

Vomiting of See also:

• BLOOD

blood or a See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate-coloured fluid is witnessed in some cases, and has been supposed to be due to the foreign sub-stances in the stomach, which abrade the lining membrane; this, however, is not correct, as it has been observed in man . The voice of the rabid dog is very See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar, and so characteristic that to those acquainted with it nothing more is needed to prove the presence of the disease . Those who have heard it once or twice never forget its signification . Owing to the alterations taking place in the larynx the voice becomes hoarse, cracked and stridulous, like that of a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child affected with See also:

• CROUP

croup—the " voix du coq," as the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French ha -e it . A preliminary bark is made in a somewhat elevated See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone and with open mouth; this is immediately succeeded by five, six or eight decreasing howls, emitted when the animal is sitting or See also:

• STANDING

standing, and always with the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose elevated, which seem to come from the depths of the throat, the jaws not coming together and closing the mouth during such emission, as in the healthy bark . This alteration in the voice is frequently the first observable indication of the malady, and should at once attract attention . In dumb madness the voice is frequently lost from the very commencement —hence the designation . The sensibility of the mad dog appears to be considerably diminished, and the animal appears to have lost the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of ex-pressing the sensations it experiences: it is See also:

• MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)

mute under the infliction of See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain, though there can be no doubt that it still has peripheral sensation to some extent . Burning, beating and wounding produce much less effect than in See also:

• HEALTH

health, and the animal will even mutilate itself with its teeth . Suspicion, therefore, should always strongly attach to a dog which does not See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest a certain susceptibility to painful impressions and receives See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment without any cry or complaint . There is also See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for See also:

• APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension when a dog bites itself persistently in any See also:

• PART

part of its body . A rabid dog is usually stirred to fury at the sight of one of its own species: this test has been resorted to by Henrie See also:

• MARIE

Marie Bouley (1814-1885) to dissipate doubts as to the existence of the disease when the diagnosis is other-See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise uncertain .

As soon as the suspected animal, if it is really rabid, finds itself in the presence of another of its species it at once assumes the aggressive, and, if allowed, will bite furiously . All rabid animals indeed become excited, exasperated, and furious at the sight of a dog, and attack it with their natural weapons, even the timid See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep when rabid butts furiously at the enemy before which in health it would have fled in terror . This See also:

• INVERSION (Lat. invertere, to turn about)

inversion of sentiment is sometimes valuable in diagnosing the malady; it is so common that it may be speedily followed by See also:

• DEATH

death . During the remission in the paroxysms these paralytic symptoms are more particularly manifested in the See also:

• HIND

hind limbs, which appear as if unable to support the animal's See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, and cause it to stagger about; or the lower jaw becomes more or less drooping, leaving the parched mouth partially open . Emaciation rapidly sets in, and the paroxysms diminish in intensity, while the remissions become less marked . The physiognomy assumes a still more sinister and repulsive aspect; the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair is dull and erect; the flanks are retracted; the eyes lose their lustre and are buried in the orbits, the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil being dilated, and the cornea dull and semi-opaque; very often, even at an early period, the eyes See also:

• SQUINT (possibly connected with Swed. svinka, to flinch; 0. Eng. swiccan, avoid)

squint, and this adds still more to the terrifying See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the poor dog . The voice, if at all heard, is husky, the breathing laborious, and the See also:

• PULSE

pulse hurried and irregular . Gradually the paralysis increases, and the posterior extremities are dragged as if the animal's back were broken, until at length it becomes See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general; it is then the prelude to death . Or the dog remains lying in a state of stupor, and can only raise itself with difficulty on the fore-limbs when greatly excited . In this condition it may yet endeavour to bite at See also:

• OBJECTS

objects within its reach . At times See also:

• CONVULSIONS

convulsions of a tetanic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character appear in certain muscles; at other times these are general . A comatose condition ensues, and the rabid dog, if permitted to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die naturally, perishes, in the great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of cases, from paralysis and See also:

• ASPHYXIA (Gr. a- priv., a fn ts, a pulse)

asphyxia .

In dumb madness there is paralysis of the lower jaw, which imparts a curious and very characteristic physiognomy to the dog; the voice is also lost, and the animal can neither eat nor drink . In this condition the creature remains with its jaw pendent and the mouth consequently wide open, showing the flaccid or swollen tongue covered with brownish See also:

• MATTER

matter, and a stringy gelatinous-looking saliva lying between it and the lower See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip and coating the fauces, which sometimes appear to be inflamed . Though the animal is unable to swallow fluids, the desire to drink is nevertheless intense; for the creature will thrust its face into the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel of water in futile attempts to obtain See also:

• RELIEF

relief, even until the approach of death . Water may be'poured down its throat without inducing a See also:

• PAROXYSM (Med. Lat. paroxysntus, from the Gr. wapotbvety, to make sharp, odes)

paroxysm . The general physiognomy and demeanour of the poor creature inspire the beholder with pity rather than fear . The symptoms due to cerebral excitement are less marked than in the furious form of the disease; the agitation is not so considerable, and the restlessness, tendency to run away, and desire to bite are nearly absent; generally the animal is quite passive . Not unfrequently one or both eyes squint, and it is only when very much excited that the dog may contrive to See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close its mouth . Sometimes there is swelling about the pharynx and the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck; when the tongue shares in this complication it hangs out of the mouth . In certain cases there is a catarrhal condition of the membrane lining the nasal cavities, larynx, and bronchi; sometimes the animal testifies to the existence of abdominal pain, and the faeces are then soft or fluid . The other symptoms—such as the rapid exhaustion and emaciation, paralysis of the posterior limbs towards the termination of the disease, as well as the rapidity with which it runs its course—are the same as in the furious form . The simultaneous occurrence of furious and dumb madness has frequently been observed in packs of fox-hounds . Dumb madness differs, then, from the furious type in the paralysis of the lower jaw, which hinders the dog from biting, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in very exceptional circumstances; the ferocious instincts are also in See also:

• ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance; and there is no tendency to aggression .

It has been calculated that from 15 to 20% of rabid dogs have this particular form of the disease . Puppies and See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young dogs chiefly have furious rabies . These are the symptoms of rabies in the dog; but it is not likely, nor is it necessary, that they will all be See also:

• PRESENT

present in every See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . In other species the symptoms differ more or less from those manifested by the dog, but they are generally marked by a change in the manner and habits of the creatures affected, with strong indications of See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous disturbance, in the majority of species amounting to ferociousness and a desire to injure, timid creatures becoming bold and aggressive . In Human Beings.—The disease of See also:

• HYDROPHOBIA (Gr. iibwp, water, and 4osos, fear; so called from the symptom of dread of water), or RABIES (Lat. for" madness ")

hydrophobia has been known from early times, and is alluded to in the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid and many others, as well as in those of the early writers on See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . See also:

• CELSUS (c. A.D. 178)

Celsus gives detailed instructions respecting the treatment of men who have been bitten by rabid clogs, and dwells on the dangers attending such wounds . After recommending suction of the bitten part by means of a dry See also:

• CUPPING

cupping glass, and thereafter the application of the actual cautery or of strong caustics, and the employment of See also:

• BATHS

baths and various See also:

• INTERNAL

internal remedies, he says: " Idque cum ita per triduum factum est, tutus esse homo a periculo videtur . Solet autem ex eo vulnere, ubi parum occursum est, See also:

• AQUAE (Lat. for "waters'')

aquae See also:

• TIMOR
• TIMOR (Timur i Leng, the lame Timur)

timor nasci, uSpo0oj3iav See also:

• GRAND

Grand appellant . Miserrimum genus morbi; in quo simul aeger et siti et aquae metu cruciatur; quo oppressis in angusto See also:

• SPES

spes est." Subsequently See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen de-scribed minutely the phenomena of hydrophobia, and recommended the excision of the wounded part as a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against said to be present in every ease of rabies . When, therefore, a dog, contrary to its habits and natural inclination, becomes suddenly aggressive to other dogs, it is time to take precautions . In the large majority of instances the dog is inoffensive in the early period of the disease to those to whom it is familiar . It then flies from its See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and either See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies, is killed as mad," or returns in a miserable See also:

• PLIGHT

plight, and in an advanced stage of the malady, when the desire to bite is irresistible .

It is in the early stage that See also:

• SEQUESTRATION

sequestration and suppressive See also:

• MEASURES

measures are most valuable . The dogs which propagate the disease are usually those that have escaped from their owners . After two or three days, frequently in about twelve See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, more serious and alarming symptoms appear, ferocious instincts are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, and the desire to do injury is irrepressible . The animal has an indefinable expression of sombre See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy and See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty . The eyes have their pupils dilated, and emit flashes of See also:

• LIGHT

light when they are not dull and heavy; they always appear so fierce as to produce terror in the beholder; they are red, and their sensibility to light is increased; and wrinkles, which sometimes appear on the forehead, add to the repulsive aspect of the animal . If caged it flies at the spectator, emitting its characteristic howl or hark, and seizing the iron bars with its teeth, and if a stick be thrust before it this is grasped and gnawed . This fury is soon succeeded by lassitude, when the animal remains insensible to every excitement . Then all at once it rouses up again, and another paroxysm of fury commences . The first paroxysm is usually the most intense, and the fits vary in duration from some hours to a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and even longer; they_ are ordinarily briefer in trained and pet dogs than in those which are less domesticated, but in all the remission is so See also:

• COMPLETE

complete after the first paroxysm that the animals appear to be almost well, if not in perfect health . During the paroxysms respiration is hurried and laboured. but tranquil during the remissions . There is an increase of temperature, and the pulse is See also:

• QUICK

quick and hard . When the animal is kept in a dark place and not excited, the fits of fury are not observed .

Sometimes it is agitated and restless in the manner already described . It never becomes really furious or aggressive unless excited by external objects—the most potent of these, as has been said, being another clog, which, however, if it be admitted to its cage, it may not at once attack . The attacked animal rarely retaliates, but usually responds to the bites by acute yells, which contrast strangely with the silent anger of the aggressor, and tries to hide its head with its paws or beneath the straw . These repeated paroxysms See also:

• HURRY (or URRV), SIR JOHN (d. 165o)

hurry the course of the disease . The secretion and flowing of a large quantity of saliva from the mouth are usually only witnessed in cases in which swallowing has become impossible, the mouth being generally dry . At times the tongue, nose and whole head appear swollen . Other dogs frequently shun one which is rabid, as if aware of their danger . The rabid dog, if lodged in a room or kept in a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, is continually endeavouring to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape; and when it makes its escape it goes freely forward, as if impelled by some irresistible force . It travels considerable distances in a short time, perhaps attacking every living creature it meet preferring dogs, however, to other animals, and these to mankind; See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, sheep, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and horses are particularly liable to be injured . It attacks in silence, and never utters a snarl or a cry of anger; should it See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance to be hurt in return it emits no cry or howl of pain . The degree of ferocity appears to be related to natural disposition and training . Some dogs, for instance, will only snap or give a slight bite in passing, while others will bite furiously, tearing the objects presented to them, or which they meet in their way, and sometimes with such violence as to injure their mouth and break their teeth, or even their jaws .

If chained, they will in some cases gnaw the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain until their teeth are worn away and the bones laid See also:

• BARE

bare . The rabid dog does not continue its progress very See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . Exhausted by fatigue and the paroxysms of madness excited in it by the objects it meets, as well as by See also:

• HUNGER

hunger, thirst, and also, no doubt, by the malady, its limbs soon become feeble; the See also:

• RATE

rate of travelling is lessened and the walk is unsteady, while its drooping tail, head inclined towards the ground, open mouth, and protruded tongue (of a.leaden colour or covered with dust) give the distressed creature a very striking and characteristic physiognomy . In this condition, however, it is much less to be dreaded than in its early fits of fury, since it is no longer capable or desirous of altering its course or going out of its way to attack an animal or a man not immediately in the path . It is very probable that its fast-failing See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision, deadened scent, and generally diminished See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception prevent its being so readily impressed or excited by surrounding objects as it previously was . To each paroxysm, which is always of short duration, there succeeds a degree pf exhaustion as great as the fits have been violent and oft repeated . This compels the animal to stop; then it shelters itself in obscure places—frequently in ditches by the roadside--and lies there in a somnolescent state for perhaps hours . There is great danger, nevertheless, in disturbing the dog at this period; for when roused from its torpor it has sometimes sufficient strength to inflict a bite . This period, which may be termed the second stage, is as variable in its duration as the first, but it rarely exceeds three or four days . The above-described phenomena gradually See also:

• MERGE

merge into those of the third or last period, when symptoms of paralysis appear, which arc sheer dread to try to quench the thirst which torments him . Indeed the very thought of doing so suffices to bring on a choking paroxysm, as does also the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of the See also:

• RUNNING

running of water . The patient is extremely sensitive to any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of external impression; a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright light, a loud See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise, a breath of cool air, contact with any one, are all See also:

• APT

apt to bring on one of these seizures .

But besides these suffocative attacks there also occur general convulsions affecting the whole See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the body, and occasionally a condition of tetanic spasm . These various paroxysms increase in frequency and severity with the advance of the disease, but alternate with intervals of See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative quiet, in which, however, there is intense anxiety and more or less See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant difficulty of breathing, accompanied with a peculiar sonorous expiration, which has suggested the notion that the patient barks like a dog . In many instances there is great mental disturbance, with fits of maniacal excitement, in which he strikes at every one about him, and accuses them of being the cause of his sufferings—these attacks being succeeded by See also:

• CALM

calm intervals in which he expresses great regret for his violent behaviour . During all this stage of the disease the patient is tormented with a viscid secretion accumulating in his mouth, which from dread of swallowing he is constantly spitting about him . There may also be noticed snapping movements of the jaws as if he were attempting to bite, but these are in reality a manifestation of the spasmodic See also:

• ACTION

action which affects the muscles generally . There is no great amount of See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, but there is See also:

• CONSTIPATION (from Lat. constipare, to press closely together, whence also the adjective " costive ")

constipation, diminished flow of urine, and often sexual the disease . Throughout many succeeding centuries little or nothing was added to the facts which the early physicians had made known upon the subject . The malady was regarded with universal horror and dread, and the unfortunate sufferers were generally abandoned by all around them and See also:

• LEFT

left to their terrible See also:

• FATE

fate . In later times the investigations of See also:

• BOERHAAVE, HERMANN (1668–1738)

Boerhaave, See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard See also:

• VAN

van Swieten (1700-1772), See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter, See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Magendie (1783-1855), See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert Breschet (1784-1845), See also:

• VIRCHOW, RUDOLF (1821-1902)

Virchow, See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Reder, as also of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Youatt (1776-1847), See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• FLEMING, PAUL (1609-1640)
• FLEMING, RICHARD (d. 1431)
• FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD (1827- )
• FLEMING, SIR THOMAS (1S44-1613)

Fleming, See also:

• MEYNELL, ALICE CHRISTIANA (1850— )

Meynell, Karl Hertwig (1798-1881), and others, have furnished important See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information; but all these were put into the shade by the researches of See also:

• PASTEUR, LOUIS (1822-1895)

Pasteur . The disease is communicated by the secretions of the mouth of the affected animal entering a wound or abrasion of the human skin or mucous membrane . In the great majority of cases (00%) this is due to the bite of a rabid dog, but bites of rabid cats, wolves, foxes, jackals, &c., are occasionally the means of conveying the disease . Numerous popular fallacies still prevail on the subject of hydrophobia .

Thus it is supposed that the bite of an angry clog may produce the disease, and all the more if the animal should subsequently develop symptoms of rabies . The ground for this erroneous notion is the fact, which is unquestionable, that animals in whom rabies is in the stage of See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation, during which there are few if any symptoms, may by their bites convey the disease, though fortunately during this early stage they are little disposed to bite . The bite of a non-rabid animal, however enraged, cannot give rise to hydrophobia . The period of incubation of the disease, or that time which elapses between the introduction of the See also:

• VIRUS, CHRISTOBAL DE (1550?-1615?)

virus and the development of the symptoms, appears to vary in a remarkable degree, being in some cases as short as a fortnight, and in others as long as several months or even years . On an See also:

• AVERAGE

average it seems to be from about six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks to three months, but it mainly depends on the part bitten; bites on the head are the most dangerous . The incubation period is also said to be shorter in See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . The rare instances of the appearance of hydrophobia many years after the introduction of the See also:

• POISON

poison are always more or less open to question as to subsequent inoculation . When the disease is about to declare itself it not unfrequently happens that the wound, which had quickly and entirely healed after the bite, begins to exhibit evidence of irritation or inflammatory action, or at least to be the seat of morbid sensations such as numbness, tingling or itching . The symptoms characterizing the premonitory stage are great mental depression and disquietude, together with restlessness and a kind of indefinite fear . There is an unusual tendency to talk. and the See also:

• ARTICULATION (from Lat. articulare, to divide into joints)

articulation is abrupt and rapid . Although in some instances the patients will not acknowledge that they have been previously bitten, and deny it with great obstinacy, yet generally they are well aware of the nature of their malady, and speak despairingly of its consequences . There is in this early stage a certain amount of constitutional disturbance showing itself by feverishness, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, headache, great nervous excitability, respiration of a peculiar sighing or sobbing character, and even occasionally a noticeable aversion to liquids .

These symptoms—constituting what is termed the melancholic stage—continue in general for one or two days, when they are succeeded by the stage of excitement in which all the characteristic phenomena of the malady are fully developed . Sometimes the disease first shows itself in this stage, without antecedent symptoms . The agitation of the sufferer now becomes greatly increased, and the countenance exhibits anxiety and terror . There is noticed a marked embarrassment of the breathing, but the most striking and terrible features of this stage are the effects produced by attempts to swallow fluids . The patient suffers from thirst and desires eagerly to drink, but on making the effort is seized with a most violent suffocative paroxysm produced by spasm of the muscles of swallowing and breathing, which continues for several seconds, and is succeeded by a feeling of intense alarm and See also:

• DISTRESS

distress . With great caution and determination the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt is renewed, but only to be followed with a repetition of the seizure, until the unhappy sufferer ceases fromexcitement . _ After two or three days of suffering of the most terrible description the patient succumbs, death taking place either in a paroxysm of choking, or on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in a tranquil manner from exhaustion, all the symptoms having See also:

• ABATED

abated, and the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of swallowing returned before the end . The duration of the disease from the first See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of the symptoms is generally from three to five days . Apart from the inoculation method (see below), the treatment of most avail is that which is directed towards preventing the absorption of the poison into the system . This may be accomplished by excision of the part involved in the bite of the rabid animal, or, where this from its locality is impracticable, in the application to the wound of some chemical See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent which will destroy the activity of the virus, such as potassa fusa, lunar See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic (nitrate of See also:

• SILVER

silver), or the actual cautery in the form of a red-hot See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire . The part should be thoroughly acted on by these agents, no matter what amount of temporary suffering this may occasion . Such applications should be resorted to immediately after the bite has been inflicted, or as soon thereafter as possible .

Further, even though many hours or days should elapse, these See also:

• LOCAL

local remedies should still be applied; for if, as appears probable, some at least of the virus remains for long at the injured part, the removal or effectual destruction of this may prevent the dread consequences of its absorption . Every effort should be made to tranquillize and reassure the patient . Two special points of See also:

• INTEREST

interest have arisen in See also:

• RECENT

recent years in connexion with this disease . One is the Pasteur treatment by inoculation with rabic virus (see also PARASITIC DISEASES), and the other was the attempt of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to exterminate rabies in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles by muzzling dogs . The Pasteur treatment was first applied to human beings in 1885 after prolonged investigation and experimental trial on animals . It is based on the fact that a virus, capable of giving rabies by inoculation, can be extracted treatmPasteur ent . from the tissues of a rabid animal and then intensified or attenuated at See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . It appears that the strength of the rabic virus, as determined by inoculation, is constant in the same species of animal, but is modified by passing through another species . For instance, the natural virus of dogs is always of the same strength, but when inoculated into monkeys it becomes weakened, and the See also:

• PROCESS

process of attenuation can be carried on by passing the virus through a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of monkeys, until it loses the power of causing death . If this weakened virus is then passed back through See also:

• GUINEA

guinea-pigs, dogs or rabbits, it regains See also:

• YEAR

Year . Patients Deaths . Mortality Treated .

per cent . 1886 2671 25 '94 1887 1770 14 '79 1888 1622 9 '55 1889 183o 7 '38 1890 1540 5 •32 1891 1559 4 '25 1892 1790 4 •22 1893 1648 6 •36 1894 1387 7 .5o 1895 1520 5 '33 1896 1308 4 •30 1897 1521 6 •39 1898 1465 3 '20 1899 1614 4 '25 1900 1419 to '70 1901 1318 5 '37 1902 I1o5 2 •18 1903 63o 4 •65 1904 757 5 •66 1905 727 4 '54 pleted, for it is held that persons who die within that period have their nervous centres invaded by virus before the cure has time to act . The true mortality should therefore be considerably higher . For instance, in 1898 three deaths came within this See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category, which just doubles the mortality; and in 1899 the additional deaths were six, bringing the mortality up to two-anda-See also:

• HALF

half times that indicated in the table . When, however, the additional deaths are included the results remain sufficiently striking, if two assumptions are granted—(1) that all the persons treated have been bitten by rabid animals; (2) that a large proportion of persons so bitten usually have hydrophobia . Unfortunately, both these assumptions lack See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof, and therefore the evidence of the efficacy of the treatment cannot be said to satisfy a strictly scientific See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard . With regard to the first point, the patients are divided into three categories—(1) those bitten by an animal the rabidity of which is proved by the development of rabies in other animals bitten by it or inoculated from its See also:

• SPINAL

spinal See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord; (2) those bitten by an animal pronounced rabid on a veterinary examination; (3) those bitten by an animal suspected of being rabid . The number of patients in each category in 1898 was (I) 141, (2) 855, (3) 469; and in 1899 it was (I) 152, (2) 1099, (3) 363 . As might be expected, the vast majority came under the second and third heads, in which the evidence of rabidity is doubtful or altogether lacking . With regard to the second point, the proportion of persons bitten by rabid animals who ordinarily develop hydrophobia has only been " estimated " from very inadequate data . See also:

• OTTO

Otto Bollinger from a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of collected See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics states that before the introduction of the me . Pasteur treatment, of patients bitten by dogs undoubtedly rabid 47% died, the rate being 33 % in those whose wounds had been cauterized and 83% when there had been no local treatment .

If the number of rabid dogs be compared with the deaths from hydrophobia in any year or series of years, it can hardly be very high . For instance, in 1895, 668 dogs, besides other animals, he course from weak to strong virus is extended over nine days; were killed and certified to be rabid in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and the deaths z) the "intensive," in which the maximum is reached in seven from hydrophobia were twenty . Of course this proves nothing, as the number of persons bitten is not known, but the difference between the amount of rabies and of hydrophobia is suggestively great in view of the marked propensity of rabid dogs to bite, nor is it accounted for by the fact that some of the persons bitten fifth-day cord is reached in four days instead of six, as in the were treated at the Institut Pasteur . A comparison of the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual mortality from hydrophobia in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France before and after the introduction of the treatment would afford decisive evidence as to its efficacy; but unfortunately no such comparison can be made for lack of vital statistics in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The experience of the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris hospitals, however, points to a decided diminution of mortality . On the whole it must be said, in the absence of further able shows the number treated from 1886 to 1905, with the data, that the Pasteur treatment certainly diminishes the danger More recently treatment with an See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-rabic serum has been suggested (see PARASITIC DISEASES) . See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor Babes and Lepp and later Guido Tizzoni and Eugenio Centanni have worked out a method of serum treatment curative and protective . In this method not the rabic poison itself, as in the Pasteur treatment, but the protective substance formed is injected into the tissues . The serum of a vaccinated animal is capable of neutralizing the power of the virus of rabies not only when mixed with the virus before injection but even when injected simultaneously or within twenty-four hours after the introduction of the virus . These authors showed that the serum of a See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit protects a rabbit better than does the serum of a dog, and See also:

• VICE

vice versa . At the end of twenty days' injections they found they could obtain suc-h,,a large quantity of anti-rabic substance in the serum of an animal, that even I part of serum to 25,000 of the body weight would protect an animal . This process differs from that of Pasteur in so far as that in place of promoting the formation of the antidote within the body of the patient, by a process of vaccina- tion with progressively stronger and stronger virus, this part of the process is carried on in an animal, Babes using the dog and Centanni the sheep, the blood serum of which is injected .

This during These figures do not include cases which develop hydrophobia method of See also:

• VACCINATION (from Lat. vacca, a cow)

vaccination is useful as a protective to those in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge after treatment is See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn- of kennels . See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring treatment or within fifteen days it i its former strength . Again, if it be passed through a succession of which is called the virus fixe . Pasteur fur