HYKSOS  , or " SHEPHERD See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

KINGS," the name of the earliest invaders of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt of whom we have definite See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence in tradition . See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus (c . See also:

• APION

Apion. i . 14), who identifies the Hyksos with the Israelites, preserves a passage from the second See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• MANETHO (Mav40cov in an inscription of Carthage; MaveBees in a papyrus)

Manetho giving an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of them . (It may be that Josephus had it, not See also:

• DIRECT

direct from Manetho's writings, but through the garbled version of some Alexandrine compiler.) In outline it is as follows . In the days of a See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Egypt named See also:

• TIMAEUS (c. 345—c. 250 B.e.)

Timaeus the See also:

• LAND

land was suddaply invaded from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east by men of ignoble See also:

• RACE

race, who conquered it without a struggle, destroyed cities and temples, and slew or enslaved the inhabitants . At length they elected a king named Salatis, who, residing at See also:

• MEMPHIS

Memphis, made all Egypt tributary, and established garrisons in different parts, especially eastwards, fearing the Assyrians . He built also a See also:

• GREAT

great fortress at Avaris, in the Sethroite See also:

• NOME

nome, east of the Bubastite See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile . Salatis was followed in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession by Beon, Apachnas, Apophis, Jannas and Asses . These six kings reigned 198 years and Io months, and all aimed at extirpating the Egyptians . Their whole race was named Hyksos, i.e . "shepherd kings," and some say they were See also:

• ARABS

Arabs (another explanation found by Josephus is " See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive shepherds ") .

When they and their successors had held Egypt for 511 years, the kings of the Thebais and other parts of Egypt rebelled, and a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and mighty See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war began . Misphragmuthosis worsted the " Shepherds " and shut them up in Avaris; and his son Thutmosis, failing to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture the stronghold, allowed them to depart; whereupon they went forth, 240,000 in number, established themselves in Judea and built See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . In Manetho's See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of kings, the six above named (with many See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in detail) See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the XVth See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, and are called " six See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign Phoenician kings." The XVIth dynasty is of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two " Hellenic (sic?) shepherd kings," the seventeenth is of " shepherds and Theban kings " (reigning simultaneously) . The lists vary greatly in different versions, but the above seems the most reasonable selection of readings to be made . For " Hellenic " see below . The supposed connexion with the Israelites has made the problem of the Hyksos attractive, but See also:

• LIGHT

light is coming upon it very slowly . In 1847 E. de See also:

• ROUGE (" red," from Lat. rubeus)

Rouge proved from a fragment of a See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story in the papyri of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, that Apopi was one of the latest of the Hyksos kings, corresponding to Aphobis; he was king of the " pest " and suppressed the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian gods, and endeavoured to make the Egyptians worship his See also:

• GOD

god Setekh or Seti; at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time an Egyptian named Seqenenre reigned in See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes, more or less subject to Aphobis . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Hawari (Avaris) was also mentioned in the fragment . In 1850 a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the capture of this city from the Hyksos by Ahmosi, the founder of the eighteenth dynasty, was discovered by the same See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar . A large class of monuments was afterwards attributed to the Hyksos, probably in See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error . Some statues and sphinxes, found in 1861 by See also:

• MARIETTE, AUGUSTE FERDINAND FRANCOIS (1821-1881)

Mariette at Tanis (in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east of the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

Delta), which had been usurped by later kings, had See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar " un-Egyptian " features . One of these See also:

• BORE

bore the name of Apopi engraved lightly on the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder; this was evidently a usurper's See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, but from the whole circumstances it was concluded that these, and others of the same type of features found elsewhere, must have belonged to the Hyksos .

This view held the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field until 1893, when Golenischeff produced an inferior example See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original name, which showed that in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it represented Amenemhe III . In consequence it is now generally believed that they all belong to the twelfth dynasty . Meanwhile a headless statue of a king named Khyan, found at See also:

• BUBASTIS

Bubastis, was attributed on various grounds to the Hyksos, the soundest arguments being his foreign name and the boastful un-Egyptian epithet " beloved of his ka," where " beloved of Ptah " or some other god was to be expected . His name was immediately afterwards recognized on a See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion found as far away from Egypt as See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad . See also:

• FLINDERS, MATTHEW (1774-1814)

Flinders See also:

• PETRIE, GEORGE (179o-1866)
• PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS (1853– )

Petrie then pointed out a See also:

• GROUP

group of kings named on scarabs of peculiar type, which, including Khyan, he attributed to the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period between the Old See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom and the New, while others were in favour of assigning them all to the Hyksos, whose appellation seemed to be recognizable in the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Hek-khos, "ruler of the barbarians," See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by Khyan . The extraordinary importance of Khyan was further shown by the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of his name on a See also:

• JAR

jar-lid at See also:

• CNOSSUS

Cnossus in See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete . Semitic features were pointed out in the supposed Hyksos names, and Petrie was convinced of their date by his excavations of 1905—1906 in the eastern Delta . Avaris is generally assigned to the region towards See also:

• PELUSIUM

Pelusium on the strength of its being located in the Sethroite nome by Josephus, but Petrie thinks it was at Tell el-Yahudiyeh (Yehudia), where Hyksos scarabs are See also:

• COMMON

common . From the remains of fortifications there he argues that the Hyksos were uncivilized See also:

• DESERT

desert See also:

• PEOPLE

people, skilled in the use of the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow, and must thus have destroyed by their See also:

• ARCHERY

archery the Egyptian armies trained to fight See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-to-hand; further;,that their hordes were centered in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, but were driven thence by a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior force in the East to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the islands and became a See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power—whence the See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange description " Hellenic " in Manetho, which most editors have corrected to c'aJwi, "others." Besides the statue of Khyan, blocks of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite with the name of Apopi have been found in Upper Egypt at Gebelen and in See also:

• LOWER

Lower Egypt at Bubastis . The celebrated Rhind mathematical See also:

• PAPYRUS

papyrus was copied in the reign of an Apopi from an original of the time of Amenemhe III . Large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of Hyksos scarabs are found in Upper and Lower Egypt, and they are not unknown in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . Khyan's monuments, inconspicuous as they are, actually extend over a wider See also:

• AREA

area--from Bagdad to Cnossus—than those of any other Egyptian king .

It is certain that this mysterious people were See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic, for they are called so by the Egyptians . Though See also:

• SETH
• SETH (Egyptian Set, Sth~~~{{{or Sts)
• SETH (I* according to Dillmann, " setting " or " slip "; Septuagint, Philo and New Testament, fie, but r Chron. i. 1 Ells in A ; Josephus, EfjOor, Vulg. Seth)

Seth was an Egyptian god, as god of the Hyksos he represents some Asiatic deity . The possibility of a connexion between the Hyksos and the Israelites is still admitted in some quarters . Hatred of these impious foreigners, of which there is some trace in more than one See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, aroused amongst the Egyptians (as nothing ever did before or since) that See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial spirit which carried the armies of Tethmosis to the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates . Besides the histories of Egypt, see J . H . Breasted, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Records of Egypt; See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Documents ii . 4, 125; G . See also:

• MASPERO, GASTON CAMILLE CHARLES (1846– )

Maspero, Contes populaires, 3me ed. p . 236; W . M . F .

Petrie, Hyksos and Israelite Cities, p . 67; Golenischeff in Recueil de travaux, xv. p . 131 . (F . LL .