See also:

• HYMENOPTERA
• HYMENOPTERA (Gr. bµ$v, a membrane, and irrepov, a wing)

HYMENOPTERA (Gr. bµ$v, a membrane, and irrepov, a wing)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used in zoological See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification for one of the most important orders of the class See also:

• HEXAPODA (Gr. 4, six, and gobs, foot)

Hexapoda (q.v.) . The See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order was founded by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus (Systerna Yaturae, 1735), and is still recognized by After C . L . Marian, See also:

• BUR, or BURR (apparently the same word as Danish borre, burdock, cf. Swed. kard-boore)

Bur . Ent . See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull . .3, N.S., U.S . Dept . Agric . Flo . 1.—A, Front of See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of Sawfly (Pachynentatus) ; a, See also:

• LABRUM (Lat. for " lip ")

labrum; b, clypeus; c, vertex; d, d, antennal cavities . C and I), Mandibles .

E, First maxilla; a, cardo; h, stipes; c, galea; d, lacinia; e, palp . B, Second maxillae (Labium); a, mentum; b, ligula (between the two galeae) ; c, c, palps . Magnified . all naturalists in the sense proposed by him, to include the sawflies, See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

gall-flies, See also:

• ICHNEUMON (Gr. ixveu)

ichneumon-flies and their See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, ants, wasps and bees . The relationship of the See also:

• HYMENOPTERA
• HYMENOPTERA (Gr. bµ$v, a membrane, and irrepov, a wing)

Hymenoptera to other orders of See also:

• INSECTS

insects is discussed in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article HEXAPODA, but it may be men- tioned here that in structure the highest members of the order are remarkably See also:

• SPECIAL

special- ized, and that in the perfection of their in- stincts they stand at the head of all insects and indeed of all inver- tebrate animals . About 3 o,000speciesof See also:

• HYMEN, or HYMENAEUS

Hymen- optera are now known . Characters.—In all Hymenoptera the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man- dibles (fig . 1, C, D) are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, being adapted, as in the more lowly winged inoects,such as the See also:

• ORTHOPTERA (Gr. Op®os, straight, and rTepov, a wing)

Orthoptera, for biting . The more See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general- ized Hymenoptera have the second maxillae but slightly modified, their inner lobes being fused to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a ligula (fig . 1, B, b) . I n the higher families this structure becomes elongated (fig . 2, g) so as to form an elaborate sucking-See also:

• ORGAN

organ or " See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue." These insects are able, therefore, to bite as well as to suck, whereas most insects which have acquired the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of suction have lost that of biting .

Both fore- and See also:

• HIND

hind- wings are usually See also:

• PRESENT

present, both pairs being membranous, the hind- wiugs small and not folded when at See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, each provided along the See also:

• COSTA, GIOVANNI (1826–1903)
• COSTA, LORENZO (146o-r535)
• COSTA, SIR MICHAEL ANDREW AGNUS (1808-1884)

costa with a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of curved hooks which catch on to a See also:

• FOLD

fold along the dorsum of the adjacent fore-wing during See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . A large number of Hymenoptera are, however, entirely wingless—at least as regards one See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex or form of the See also:

• SPECIES

species . One of the most remarkable features is the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the foremost abdominal segment (fig . 3, i.) with the metathorax, of which it often seems to form a See also:

• PART

part, the apparent first abdominal segment being, in such See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, really the second (fig . 3, ii.) . The true first segment, which undergoes a more or less See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• FUSION

fusion with the See also:

• THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the part of the body covered by it)

thorax is known as the " median segment" or propodeum . In See also:

• FEMALE

female Hymenoptera the typical insectan ovipositor with its three pairs of processes is well developed, and in the higher families this organ becomes functional as a sting (fig . 5)—used for offence and See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . As regards their See also:

• LIFE

life See also:

• HISTORY

history, all Hymenoptera undergo a " complete " See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

metamorphosis . The larva is soft-skinned (eruciform), being either a See also:

• CATERPILLAR

caterpillar (fig . 6, b) or a See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg-less See also:

• GRUB

grub (fig . 7, a), and the pupa is See also:

• FREE

free (fig .

7, c), i.e. with the append-ages not fixed to the See also:

• BODY

body, as is the case in the pupa of most moths . Structure.—The head of a hymenopterous See also:

• INSECT

insect bears three See also:

• SIMPLE

simple eyes (ocelli) on the front and vertex in addition to the large See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound at 1 . Tenthredinidae (Hylotoma)— 2 . Cynipidae (Cynips) . 1, marginal; z, appendicu- 3 . Chalcididae (Perilampus) . See also:

• LAT

lat.; 3, 4, 5, 6, radial or sub- 4 . Proctotrypidae (See also:

• CODRUS

Codrus). marginal; 7, 8, q, median or 5 . Mymaridae (Mymar) . discoidal; 1o, sub-costal; 6 . Braconidae (Bracon) . II, 12, cubital or branchial; 7 .

Ichneumonidae (See also:

• TROGUS, GNAEUS POMPEIUS

Trogus) . and 13, anal or lanceolate 8 . Chrysididae (Cleptes) . cellules; a, b, c, submarginal 9 . Formicidae (Formica). nervures; d, basal nervures; io . Vespidae (Vespa). e, f, recurrent nervures; st, 11 . Apidae (Apathus). stigma; co, costa . eyes . The feelers are generally simple in type, rarely showing serrations or prominent appendages; but one or two basal segments are frequently differentiated to form an elongate " scape," the remaining segments—carried at an elbowed See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle to the scapemaking up the " flagellum "; the segments of the flagellum, often See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear ®omplex sensory See also:

• ORGANS

organs . The general characters of the See also:

• LAWS

laws have been mentioned above, and in detail there is See also:

• GREAT

great variation in these organs among the different families . "The sucking tongue of the Hymenoptera has often been compared with the hypopharynx of other insects . According to D .

See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

Sharp, however, the hypopharynx is present in all Hymenoptera as a distinct structure at the See also:

• BASE

base of the " tongue," which must be regarded as representing the fused laciniae of the second maxillae . In the thorax the pronotum and prosternum are closely associated with the mesothorax, but the pleura of the prothorax are usually shifted far forwards, so that the forelegs are inserted just behind the head . A pair of small plates—the tegulae —are very generally present at the bases of the fore-wings . The union of the first abdominal segment with the metathorax has been 1 . 0o Z 9 6 8 10 After C . See also:

• JANET, PAUL (1823—1899)

Janet, Mem . See also:

• SOC

Soc . Zool . See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (r8y8) . Fig . 3.—Median See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section through See also:

• MID

mid-body of female Red See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant (Myrmica rubra) . H, Head; 1, 2, 3, the thoracic segments; i., ii., the first and second abdominal segments; i., being the propodeum .

already mentioned . The second (so-called " first ") abdominal segment is often very constricted, forming the " See also:

• WAIST

waist " so characteristic of wasps and ants for example . The constriction of this segment and its very perfect See also:

• ARTICULATION (from Lat. articulare, to divide into joints)

articulation with the propodeum give great mobility to the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen, so that the ovipositor or sting can be used with the greatest possible accuracy and effect . Mention has already been made of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of curved hooks along the costa of the hind-wing; by means of this arrangement the two wings of a See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side are firmly joined together during flight, which thus becomes particularly accurate . The wings in the Hymenoptera show a marked reduction in the number of nervures as compared with more See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive insects . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main median nervure, and usually also the sub-costal become See also:

• UNITED

united with the radial, while the branches of radial, median and cubital nervures pursuing a transverse or re-current course across the wing, See also:

• DIVIDE

divide its See also:

• AREA

area into a number of areolets or " cells," that are of importance in classification . Among many of the smaller Hymenoptera we find that the wings are almost destitute of nervures . In the hind-wings—on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their reduced See also:

• SIZE

size—the nervures are even more reduced than in the fore-wings . The legs of Hymenoptera are of the typical insectan form, and the See also:

• FOOT

foot is usually composed of five segments . In many families the trochanter appears to be represented by two small segments, there being thus an extra See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint in the leg . It is almost certain that the distal of these two segments really belongs to the thigh, but the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary nomenclature will be used in the present article, as this See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character is of great importance in discriminating families, and the two segments in question are referred to the trochanter by most systematic writers . The typical insectan ovipositor, so well developed among the Hymenoptera, consists of three pairs of processes (gonapophyses) two of which belong to the ninth abdominal segment and one to After C .

Janet, See also:

• AIGUILLON, EMMANUEL ARMAND DE WIGNEROD DU PLESSIS DE RICHELIEU
• AIGUILLON, MARIE MADELEINE DE WIGNEROD DU PONT DE COURLAY, DUCHESSE

Aiguillon de la Myrmica rubsa (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, ISO) . the eighth . The latter are the cutting or piercing stylets (fig . 5, A) of the ovipositor, while the two See also:

• OUTER

outer processes of the ninth segment are modified into sheaths or feelers (fig . 5, C) and the two inner processes form a See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide (fig . 5, B) on which the stylets See also:

• WORK

work, See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues or rails on the " guide " fitting accurately into See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal grooves on the stylet . In the different families of the Hymenoptera, there are various modifications of the ovipositor, in See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord with the habits of the insects and the purposes to which the organ is put . The sting of wasps, ants and bees is a modified ovipositor and is used for See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg-laying by the fertile See also:

• FEMALES

females, as well as for defence . Most male Hymenoptera have processes which form claspers or genital See also:

• ARMATURE (from Lat. armatura, armour)

armature . These processes are not altogether homologous with those of the ovipositor, being formed by inner and outer lobes of a pair of structures on the ninth abdominal segment . Many points of See also:

• INTEREST

interest are to be noted in the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal structure of the Hymenoptera . The gullet leads into a moderate-sized See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, and several pairs of salivary glands open into the mouth .

The crop is followed by a proventriculus which, in the higher Hymenoptera, forms the so-called " See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach," by the contraction of whose walls the solid and liquid See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food can be separated, passed on into the See also:

• DIGESTIVE

digestive stomach, or held in the crop ready for regurgitation into the mouth . Behind the digestive stomach are situated, as usual, See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine and rectum, and the number of See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney (Malpighian) tubes varies from only six to over a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred, being usually great . In the female, each ovary consists of a large number of ovarian tubes, in which swollen See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers containing the egg-cells alternate with smaller chambers enclosing nutrient material . In connexion with the ovipositor are two See also:

• POISON

poison-glands, one See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and the other alkaline in its secretion . The acid gland consists of one, two or more tubes, with a cellular coat of several layers, opening into areservoir whence the duct leads to the exterior . The alkaline gland is an irregular See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube with a single cellular layer, its duct opening alongside that of the acid See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir . These glands are most strongly developed when the ovipositor is modified into a sting . Development.—Parthenogenesis is of normal occurrence in the life-See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of many Hymenoptera . There are species of gall-See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly in which See also:

• MALES

males are unknown, the unfertilized eggs always developing into females . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in certain saw-flies and among the higher families, the unfertilized eggs, capable of development, usually give rise to male insects (see See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

BEE) . The larvae of most saw-flies feeding on the leaves of See also:

• PLANTS

plants are caterpillars (fig . 6, b) with numerous abdominal See also:

• PRO

pro-legs, but in most families of Hymenoptera the egg is laid in such a situation that an abundant food-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is assured without exertion on the part of the larva, which is consequently a legless grub, usually See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and with soft flexible cuticle (fig .

7, a) . The organs and instincts for egg-laying and food-providing are perhaps the most remarkable features in the See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of the Hymenoptera . Gall-fly grubs are provided with See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable food through the eggs being laid by the See also:

• MOTHER

mother insect within plant tissues . The ichneumon pierces the body of a caterpillar and See also:

• LAYS

lays her eggs where the grubs will find abundant See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal food . A digging-See also:

• WASP (Lat. vespa)

wasp hunts for insect See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey and buries it with the egg, while a true wasp feeds her brood with captured insects, as a See also:

• BIRD

bird her fledglings . Bees See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store honey and See also:

• POLLEN, AUGUST (or, as he afterwards called himself, ADOLF) LUDWIG (1794-1855)

pollen to serve as food for their See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young . Thus we. find throughout the order a degree of care for offspring unreached by other insects, and this See also:

• FAMILY

family-life has, in the best known of the Hymenoptera—ants, wasps and bees—developed into an elaborate social organization . Social Life.—The development of a true insect society among the Hymenoptera is dependent on a differentiation among the females between individuals with well-developed ovaries (" queens ") whose special See also:

• FUNCTION

function is See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction; and individuals with reduced or aborted ovaries (" workers ") whose See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty is to build the See also:

• NEST

nest, to gather food and to tend and feed the larvae . Among the wasps the workers may only differ from the queens in size, and individuals intermediate between the two forms of female may be met with . Further, the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen wasp, and also the queen humble-bee, commences unaided the work of See also:

• BUILDING

building and See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a new nest, being afterwards helped by her daughters (the workers) when these have been developed . In the hive-bee and among ants, on the other hand, there are See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant structural distinctions between queen and worker, and the function of the queen bee in a hive is confined to egg-laying, the labour of the community being entirely done by the workers . Many ants possess several different forms of worker, adapted for special duties .

Details of this fascinating subject are given in the special articles ANT, BEE and WASP (q.v.) . Habits and See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution.—Reference has been already made to the various methods of feeding practised by Hymenoptera in the larval See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, and the care taken of or for the young through-out the order leads in many cases to the gathering of such food by the mother or See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse . Thus, wasps catch flies; worker ants make raids and carry off weak insects of many kinds; bees gather See also:

• NECTAR

nectar from See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers and transform it into honey within their stomachs—largely for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of feeding the larvae in the nest . The feeding habits of the adult may agree w,ith that of the larva, or differ, as in the case of wasps which feed their grubs on flies, but eat principally vegetable food themselves . The nest-building See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit is similarly variable . Digging wasps make simple holes in the ground; many burrowing bees form branching tunnels; other bees excavate See also:

• TIMBER

timber or make their brood-chambers in hollow plant-stems; wasps work up with their saliva vegetable See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres bitten off See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-bark to make See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper; social bees produce from glands in their own bodies the See also:

• WAX

wax whence their nest-chambers are built . The inquiline habit (" See also:

• CUCKOO

cuckoo-See also:

• PARASITISM

parasitism "), when one species makes use of the labour of another by invading the nest and laying her eggs there, is of frequent occurrence among Hymenoptera; and in some cases the larva of the intruder is not content with taking the store of food provided, but attacks and devours the larva of the See also:

• HOST

host . Most Hymenoptera are of moderate or small size, the giants of the order—certain saw-flies and tropical digging-wasps--never reach the bulk attained by the largest beetles, while the wing-spread is narrow compared n ith that of many See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon-flies and moths . On the other hand, there are thousands of very small species, and the tiny " See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

fairy-flies " (Mymaridae), whose larvae live as parasites in the eggs of various insects, are excessively See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute for creatures of such complex organization . Hymenoptera are probably less widely distributed than See also:

• APTERA (Greek for " wingless ")

Aptera, See also:

• COLEOPTERA

Coleoptera or See also:

• DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

Diptera, but they are to be found in all except the most inhospitable regions of the globe . The order is, with few exceptions, terrestrial or aerial in habit . Comparatively only a few species are, for part of their lives, denizens of fresh See also:

• WATER

water; these, as larvae, are parasitic on the eggs or larvae of other aquatic insects, the little hymenopteron, Polynema natans, one of the " fairy-flies "—swims through the water by strokes of her delicate wings in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of a dragon-fly's egg in which to See also:

• LAY

lay her own egg, while the rare Agriotypus dives after the case of a caddis-See also:

• WORM

worm .

It is of interest that the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters have been invaded by the parasitic See also:

• GROUP

group of the Hymenoptera, since in number of species this is by far the largest of the order . No group of terrestrial insects escapes their attacks—even larvae See also:

• BORING

boring in See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood are detected by ichneumon flies with excessively See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ovipositors . Not a few cases are known in which a parasitic larva is itself pierced by the ovipositor of a " hyperparasite," and even the offspring of the latter may itself fall a victim to the attack of a " See also:

• TERTIARY

tertiary See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite." Fossil History.—Very little is known of the history of the Hymenoptera previous to the Tertiary See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in which, as we know from the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of many Oligocene and See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene fossils, all the more important families had been differentiated . Fragments of wings from the See also:

• LIAS

Lias and Oolitic beds have been referred to ants and bees, but the true nature of these remains is doubtful . Classification.—Linnaeus divided the Hymenoptera into two sections—the Terebrantia, whose females possess a cutting or piercing ovipositor, and the Aculeata, in which the female organ is modified into a sting . This nomenclature was adopted by P . A . See also:

• LATREILLE
• LATREILLE, PIERRE ANDRE (1762–1833)

Latreille and has been in general use until the present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . A closely similar See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the order results from T . See also:

• HARTIG, GEORG LUDWIG (1764-1837)

Hartig's character See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the trochanter—whether of two segments or undivided—the See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups being termed respectively Ditrocha and Monotrocha . But the most natural division is obtained by the separation of the saw-flies as a primitive sub-order, characterized by the imperfect union of the first abdominal segment with the thorax, and by the broad base of the abdomen, so that there is no median constriction or " waist," and by the presence of thoracic legs—usually also of abdominal pro-legs—in the larva . All the other families of Hymenoptera, including the gall-flies, ichneumons and aculeates, have the first abdominal segment closely united with the thorax, the second abdominal segment constricted so as to form a narrow stalk or " waist," and legless larvae without a hinder outlet to the food-See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal .

These two sub-orders are usually known as the Sessiliventra and Petioliventra respectively, but the names Symphyta and Apocrita proposed in 1867 by C . Gerstaecker have priority, and should not be replaced . Symphyta . This sub-order, characterized by the " sessile," broad-based abdomen, whose fiist segment is imperfectly united with the thorax, and by the usually caterpillar-like larvae with legs, includes the various groups of saw-flies . Three leading families may be mentioned . The Cephidae, or See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem saw-flies, have an elongate pronotum, a compressed abdomen, and a single spine on the shin of the fore-leg . The soft, white larvae have the thoracic legs very small and feed in the stems of various plants . Cephus pygmaeus is a well-known enemy of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn crops . The Siricidae (" wood-wasps ") are large elongate insects also with one spine on each fore-shin, but with the pronotum closely joined to the mesothorax . The ovipositor is long and prominent, enabling the female insect to lay her eggs in the wood of trees, where the white larvae, whose legs are excessively See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel and feed . These insects are adorned with bands of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and yellow, or with See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright metallic See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, and on account of their large size and formidable ovipositors they often cause needless alarm to persons unfamiliar with their habits . The Tenthredinidae, or true saw-flies, are distinguished by two spines on each fore-shin, while the larvae are usually caterpillars, with three pairs of thoracic legs, and from six to eight pairs of abdominal pro-legs, the latter not possessing the hooks found on the pro-legs of lepidopterous caterpillars .

Most saw-fly larvae devour leaves, and the beautifully serrate processes of the ovipositor are well adapted tor egg-laying in plant tissues . Some saw-fly larvae are protected by a slimy secretion (fig . 6, c) and a few live concealed in See also:

• GALLS

galls . In the form of the feelers, the wing-neuration and See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor structural details there is much diversity among the saw-flies . They have been usually regarded as a single family, but W . II . Ashmead has lately differentiated eleven families of then . A pocrita . This sub-order includes the vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the Hymenoptera, characterized by the narrowly constricted waist in the adult and by the legless See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the larva . The trochanter is simple in some genera and divided in others . With regard to the minor divisions of this group, great difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion has prevailed among students . In his See also:

• RECENT

recent classification Ashmead (11901) recognizes seventy-nine families arranged under eight " super-families." The number of species included in this division is enormous, and the multiplication of families is, to some extent, a natural result .of increasingly close study .

But the distinctions between many of these rest on comparatively slight characters, and it is likely that d a_ e . TER2t._ . After Marlatt, Ent . Circ . 26, U.S . Dept . Agric . the future See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of new genera may abolish many among such distinctions as may now be drawn . It seems advisable, therefore, in the present article to retain the wider conception of the family that has hitherto contented most writers on the Hymenoptera . Ashmead's " super-families " have, however, been adopted as—founded on definite structural characters—they probably indicate relationship more nearly than the older divisions founded mostly on habit . The Cynipoidea include the gall-flies and their parasitic relations . In the Chalcidoidea, Ichneumonoidea and Proctotrypoidea will be found nearly all the " parasitic Hymenoptera " of older classifications .

The Formicoidea are the ants . The group of Fossores, or " digging-wasps," is divided by Ashmead, one section forming the Sphecoidea, while the other, together with the Chrysidae rsa2 After See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, Ent Tech . Bull. s U.S . Dept . Agric . d, Its head more highly magni- c, Pupa of male . fled. e, Feeler . and the true wasps, make up the Vespoidea . The Apoidea censists of the bees only . Cynipoidea.—In this division the ovipositor sues fawn the ventral See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the abdomen; the pronotum reaches back to the tegulae; the trochanter has two segments; the fore-wing (fig . 4, 2) has no stigma, but one or two areolets . The feelers with twelve to fifteen segments are See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread-like and straight .

All the insects included in this group are small and form two families—the Cynipidae and the Figitidae . They are the " gall-flies," many of the species laying eggs in various plant-tissues where the presence of the larva causes the format See also:

• ION

ion of a pathological growth or gall, always of a definite form and characteristic of the species; the " See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak-See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple " and the bedeguar of the See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose are See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar examples . Other flies of this arc toothed . (For the habits of these insects see WasP.) The group have the inquiline habit, laying their eggs in the galls of Chrysididae or See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

ruby wasps are small insects with a very hard cuticle other species, while others again See also:

• PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

pierce the cuticle of maggots or exhibiting brilliant metallic colours--See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson. aphids, in whose bodies their larvae live as parasites . Only three or four abdominal segments are visible, the hinder seg- C'halcidoidea.—This division resembles the Cynipoidea in the ments being slender and retracted to form a See also:

• TELESCOPE

telescope-like tube in position of the ovipositor, and in the two segmented trochanters. which the ovipositor lies . When the ovipositor is brought into The fore-wing also has no stigma, and the whole wing is almost use this tube is thrust out . The eggs are laid in the nests of various destitute of nervures and areolets, while the pronotum does not bees and wasps, the chrysid larva living as a " cuckoo " parasite. reach back to the tegulae, and the feelers are elbowed (fig . 7) . The The Trigonalidae, a small family whose larvae are parasitic in vast majority of this group, including nearly 5000 known species, wasps' nests, also probably belong here . are usually reckoned as a single family, the Chalcididae, comprising The other families of the Vespoidea belong to the series of " Fos-small insects, often of bright metallic colours, whose larvae are sores " or digging-wasps . In two of the families--the Mutillidae parasitic in insects of various orders . The " fig-insects," whose and Thynnidae—the females are wingless and the larvae live as presence in ripening See also:

• FIGS

figs is believed essential to the proper develop- parasites in the larvae of other insects; the female Mutilla enters ntent of the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, belong to Blastopkaga and other genera of this humble-bees' nests and lays her eggs in the bee-grubs .

In the other family . They are remarkable in having wingless males and winged families both sexes are winged, and the See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of the females . The " polyembryonic " development of an Encyrius, as females are among the most wonderful in the Hymenoptera . They studied by P . Marchal, is highly remarkable . The female lays her make burrows wherein they See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place insects or See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders which they have egg in the egg of a small See also:

• ERMINE

ermine See also:

• MOTH

moth (Hyponomeuta) and the egg caught and stung, laying their eggs beside the victim so that the gives rise not to a single embryo but to a hundred, which develop young larvae find themselves in presence of an abundant and as the host-caterpillar develops, being found at a later stage within appropriate food-supply . Valuable observations on the habits the latter enveloped in a flexible tube. of these insects are due to J . H . See also:

• FABRE
• FABRE, FERDINAND (183o—1898)

Fabre and G . W. and E . See also:

• PECKHAM, JOHN (d. 1292)

Peckham . The Myntaridae or " fairy-flies " are distinguished from the The prey is sometimes stung in the neighbourhood of the See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve Chalcididae by their narrow fringed wings (figs .

4, 5) and by the ganglia, so that it is paralysed but not killed, the grub of the fossorial situation of the ovipositor just in front of the tip of the abdomen. wasp devouring its victim alive: but this instinct varies in perfection, They are among the most minute of all insects and their larvae are and in many cases the larva flourishes equally whether its prey be probably all parasitic in insects' eggs. killed or not . The females have a wonderful power of finding their Ichnenmonoidea.—The ten thousand known species included in burrows on returning from their See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting expeditions . Among the this group agree kith the Cynipoidea and Chalcidoidea in the Vespoid families of fossorial wasps, the Fompilidae are the most position of the ovipositor andyin the jointed trochanters, but are important . They are recognizable by their slender and elongate distinguished by the fore-wing possessing a distinct stigma and hind-legs; many of them See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision their burrows with spiders. usually a typical series of nervures and areolets (figs . 4, 8) . Many of The Sphegidae are parasitic on bees, while the Scoliidae are large, the species are of See also:

• FAIR

fair size . They lay their eggs (fig . 8) in the bodies robust and hairy insects, many of which prey upon the grubs of of insects and their larvae belonging to various orders . A few chafers . small families such as the Evaniidae and the See also:

• STEPHAN, HEINRICH VON (1831-1897)

Stephan-tdae are in- Sphecoidea.—In this division are included the rest of the " digging-eluded here, but the vast majority of the group fall into two large wasps," distinguished from the Vespoidea by the short pronotum families, the Ichneumoni- not reaching backward to the tegulae . They have usually been dae and the Braconidae, reckoned as forming a single, very large family—the Sphegidaethe former distinguished but ten or twelve subdivisions of the group are regarded as distinct by the presence of two families by Ashmead and others . Great diversity is shown in the median (or discoidal) cells details of structure, habits and nature of the prey .

Species of in the fore-wing (figs . 4, 7), Sphex, studied by Fabre, provisioned their brood-chambers with while the latter has only crickets . Pelopoeus hunts spiders, while Ammophila catches cater-one (figs . 4, 6) . Not a few pillars for the benefit of her young . Fabre states that the last-of these insects, however, 'lamed insect uses a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone for the temporary closing of her burrow, are entirely wingless . On and the Peckhams have seen a female Ammophila take a stone account of their work in between her mandibles and use it as a See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer for pounding down destroying plant-eating the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth over her finished nest . The habits of Bembex are of especial insects, the ichneumon- interest . The female, instead of provisioning her burrow with a flies are of great economic supply of food that will suffice the larva for its whole life, brings importance. fresh flies with which she regularly feeds her young . In this instinct Proctolrypoidea . — This we have a See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with the habits of social wasps and bees. group may be distin- Yet it may he thought that the usual instinct of the " diggingguished from the pre- wasps " to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture and store up food in an underground burrow for ceding by the position the benefit of offspring which they will never see is even more surof the ovipositor at the extreme See also:

• APEX

apex of the abdomen, and prising . The habit of some genera is to catch the prey before making from the groups that follow (with very few exceptions) by their tunnel, but more frequently the insect digs her nest, and then the jointed trochanters of the legs .

The pronotum reaches hunts for prey to put into it . back to the tegulae . The Pelecinidae—included here by Ash- Apoidea.—The bees which make up this group agree with the See also:

• MEAD
• MEAD, LARKIN GOLDSMITH (1835— )
• MEAD, RICHARD (1673—1754)

mead—are large insects with remarkably elongate abdomens Sphecoidea in the short pronotum, but may be distinguished from and undivided trochanters . All the other members of the group all other Hymenoptera by the widened first tarsal segment and the may he regarded as forming a single family—the Proctotrypidae, plumose hairs on head and body . They are usually regarded as including an immense number of small parasitic Hymenoptera, not forming a single family—the Apidae—but there is very great a few of which are wingless . Of special interest are the transforma- diversity in structural details, and Ashmead divides them into tions of Platygaster, belonging to this family, discovered by M. fourteen families . The " tongue," for example, is short and obtuse Ganin, and familiarized to See also:

• ENGLISH

English readers through the writings of or emarginate in Colletes and Prosopis, while in all other bees it is See also:

• SIR

Sir J . Lubbock (See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• AVEBURY
• AVEBURY, JOHN LUBBOCK, 1ST BARON (1834– )

Avebury) . The first larva is broad in front pointed at the tip . But in Andrena and its allies it is comparatively and tapers behind to a " tail " provided with two divergent pro- short, while in the higher genera, such as See also:

• APIS

Apis and See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

Born/See also:

• NET

net, it is cesses, so that it resembles a small crustacean . It lives in the grub elongate and flexible, forming a most elaborate and perfect organ for of a gall-midge and it ultimately becomes changed into the usual taking liquid food . Bees feed on honey and pollen .

Most of the white and fleshy hymenopterous larva . The four succeeding genera are " solitary " in habit, the female sex being undifferentisections. in which the ovipositor is modified into a sting (always ated; but among the humble-bees and hive-bees we find, as in cxserted from the tip of the abdomen) a.nd the trochanters are with social wasps and ants, the occurrence of workers, and the consequent few exceptions simple, form the Aculeata of Linnaeus. elaboration of a wonderful insect-society . (See BEE.) t'ornticoidea.—The ants which form this group are readily dis- BIBLIOGRAPHY.—The literature of several special families of the tinguished by the differentiation of the females into winged " queens" Hymenoptera will be found under the articles ANT, BEE, ICHNEUMON-and wingless " workers." The pronotum extends back to the wing- FLY, WASP, &c., referred to above . Among earlier students on bases, and the " waist " is greatly constricted and marked by one or structure may be mentioned P . A . Latreille, Families naturelles du two " nodes." The differentiation of the females leads to a complex regne animal (Paris, 1825), who recognized the nature of the social life, the nesting habits of ants and the various See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries that " median segment." C . Gerstaecker (See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch f . 1V'aturg. xx., 1867) thy pursue being of surpassing interest (see ANT), and F . Brauer (Sitzb . K . Aka$ . Wiss .

Wien. lxxxv., 1883) should Vespoidea.—This section includes a number of families See also:

• CHAR (Salvelinus)

char- also be consulted on this subject . Fcr internal See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy, specially acterized by the backward See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the prothorax to the tegulae the digestive organs, see L . See also:

• DUFOUR, WILHELM HEINRICH [GUILLAUME HENRI] (1787–1875)

Dufour, Memr savants strangers, vii. and distinguished from the ants by the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of " nodes " at the (1841), and See also:

• ANN

Ann . Sci . Nat . Zool . (4), i . 1854 . For See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous See also:

• SYSTEM

system Fl. base of the abdomen . The true wasps have the fore-wings folded Viallanes, Ann . Sci . Nat .

Zool . (7), ii. iv . 1886-1887, and F . C. lengthwise when at rest and the fore-legs of normal build—not See also:

• KENYON, LLOYD KENYON, 1ST BARON (1732-1802)

Kenyon, Journ . Comp . Neurol. vi., 1896 . For poison and other specialized for digging . The Vespidae or social wasps have " queens " glands, see I .. Bordas, Ann . Sci . Nat . Zool .

(7) xix., 1895 . For the and " workers " like the ants, but both these forms of female are sting and ovipositor H . Dewitz, Zeits. wiss . Zoo/. See also:

• XXV

xxv., 1874, winged; the claws on their feet are simple . In the Elimenidar or xxvni., 1877, and F . See also:

• LANDER, RICHARD LEMON (1804–1834)

Lander, ib, 1xvi., 1899 . For male genital solitary wasps the female sex is undifferentiated, and the foot claws armature S . A . Peytoureau, Morphologie de l'armure genitale See also:

• DES

des After See also:

• RILEY, JAMES WHITCOMB (1853– )

Riley and Howard, Insect LiJe,vol. i . F1c . 8.—Ichneumon Fly (Rhyssa per- suasoria) ovipositing . insectes (See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux, 1895), and E .

Zander, Zeits. wiss . Zool. lxvii., 1900 . The systematic student of Hymenoptera is greatly helped by C . G. de Dalla Torre's Catalogus Hymenopterorum (to vols., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1843–1902) . For general classifications see F . W . Konow, Entom . Nachtr . (1897), and W . H . Ashmead, Proc . U.S .

Nat . See also:

• MUS

Mus. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii., 1901; the latter paper deals also especially with the Ichneumonoidea of the globe . For habits and life histories of Hymenoptera see J . Lubbock (Lord Avebury), Ants, Bees and Wasps (9th ed., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1889) ; C . Janet, Etudes sur See also:

• LES

les fourmis, tes gapes et les abeilles (Paris, &c., 1893 and onwards) ; and G . W. and E . G . Peckham, Instincts and Habits of Solitary Wasps (See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison, Wis . L'.S.A., 1898) . Monographs of most of the families of See also:

• BRITISH

British Hymenoptera have now been published . For saw-flies and gall-flies, see P . See also:

• CAMERON, JOHN (1579–1623)
• CAMERON, RICHARD (1648?–168o)
• CAMERON, SIMON (1799-1889)
• CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT (1844–1894)

Cameron's British Phytephagous Hymenoptera (4 vols., London, See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

Ray Soc., 1882–1893) .

For Ichneumonoidea, C . See also:

• MORLEY
• MORLEY [oP BLACKBURN], JOHN MORLEY
• MORLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• MORLEY, GEORGE (1597-1684)
• MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894)
• MORLEY, SAMUEL (18o9–1886)

Morley's Ichneumons of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth, 1903, &c.), and T . A . See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall's " British Braconidae," Trans . Entom . Soc., 1885–1899 . The smaller parasitic Hymenoptera have been neglected in this See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country since A . H . Handay's classical papers Entom . Mag. i.-v., 1833–1838) but Ashmead's " See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICAN

American Proctotrypidae " (Bull . U.S . Nat .

Mac. xlv., 1893) is valuable for the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European student . For the Fossores, wasps, ants and bees see E . Saunders, Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British Islands (London, 1896) . Exhaustive references to general systematic See also:

• WORKS

works will be found in de Dalla Torre's See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue mentioned above . Of special value to English students are C . T . See also:

• BINGHAM, JOSEPH (1668-1723)

Bingham's See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna of British See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, " Hymenoptera " (London, 1897 and onwards), and P . Cameron's volumes on Hymenoptera in the Biologia Centrali-Americana . F . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's Catalogues of Hymenoptera in the British Museum (London, 1853–1859) are well worthy of study . (G . H .