See also:

• HYPATIA ('Tiraria) (c. A.D. 370–415)

HYPATIA ('Tiraria) (c. A.D. 370–415)  mathematician and philosopher, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, was the daughter of See also:

• THEON
• THEON, AELIUS

Theon, also a mathematician and philosopher, author of scholia on See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid and a commentary on the Almagest, in which it is suggested that he was assisted by See also:

• HYPATIA ('Tiraria) (c. A.D. 370–415)

Hypatia (on the 3rd See also:

• BOOK

book) . After lecturing in her native See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, Hypatia ultimately became the recognized See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Neoplatonic school there (c . 400) . Her See also:

• GREAT

great eloquence and rare modesty and beauty, combined with her remarkable intellectual gifts, attracted to her class-See also:

• ROOM

room a large number of pupils . Among these was See also:

• SYNESIUS (c. 373-c. 414)

Synesius, afterwards (c . 41o) See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Ptolemais, several of whose letters to her, full of chivalrous admiration and reverence, are still extant . Suidas, misled by an incomplete excerpt in See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

Photius from the See also:

• LIFE

life of Isidorus (the Neoplatonist) by See also:

• DAMASCIUS

Damascius. states that Hypatia was the wife of Isidorus; but this is chronologically impossible, since Isidorus could not have been born before 434 (see See also:

• HOCHE, LAZARE (1768-1797)

Hoche in Philologus) . Shortly after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril to the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch-See also:

• ATE

ate of Alexandria in 412, owing to her intimacy with See also:

• ORESTES

Orestes, the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the city, Hypatia was barbarously murdered by the Nitrian monks and the fanatical See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• MOB

mob (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 415) . See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates has related how she was torn from her See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot, dragged to the Caesareum (then a Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church), stripped naked, done to See also:

• DEATH

death with See also:

• OYSTER

oyster-shells (bvrpaxots aveIXov, perhaps " cut her See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat ") and finally burnt piecemeal . Most prominent among the actual perpetrators of the See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime was one See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, a reader; but there seems little See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to doubt Cyril's complicity (see CYRIL OF ALEXANDRIA) . Hypatia, according to Suidas, was the author of commentaries on the Arithmetica of See also:

• DIOPHANTUS

Diophantus of Alexandria, on the Conics of See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius of See also:

• PERGA (mod. Murtana)

Perga and on the astronomical See also:

• CANON

canon (of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy) . These See also:

• WORKS

works are lost; but their titles, combined with expressions in the letters of Synesius, who consulted her about the construction of an See also:

• ASTROLABE (from Gr. liar pop, star, and Aa(3eiv, to take)

astrolabe and a hydroscope, indicate that she devoted herself specially to See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy and See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics .

Little is known of her philosophical opinions, but she appears to have embraced the intellectual rather than the mystical See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• NEOPLATONISM

Neoplatonism, and to have been a follower of See also:

• PLOTINUS (A.D. 204-270)

Plotinus rather than of See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

Porphyry and See also:

• IAMBLICHUS
• IAMBLICHUS (d. c. A.D. 330)

Iamblichus . See also:

• ZELLER, EDUARD (1814-1908)

Zeller, however, in his Outlines of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy (1886, Eng. trans. p . 347), states that " she appears to have taught the Neoplatonic See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which Iamblichus had stated it." A Latin See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Cyril on behalf of See also:

• NESTORIUS (d. c. 451)

Nestorius, printed in the Collectio nova conciliorum, i . (1623), by Stephanus Baluzius (See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne Baluzs, q.v.), and sometimes attributed to her, is undoubtedly See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Hypatia appears in a considerably disguised yet still recognizable form in the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of St See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine as recorded in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• BREVIARY (Lat. breviarium, abridgment, epitome)

Breviary (See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 25), and still more fully in the Martyrologies (see A.B . See also:

• JAMESON (or JAMESONE), GEORGE (c. 1587–1644)
• JAMESON, ANNA BROWNELL (1794-1860)
• JAMESON, LEANDER STARR (1853– )
• JAMESON, ROBERT (1774-1854)

Jameson, Sacred and Legendary See also:

• ART

Art (1867) U . 467 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief source for the little we know about Hypatia is the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account given by Socrates (Hist. ecclesiastica, vii . 15) . She is the subject of an See also:

• EPIGRAM

epigram by Palladas in the Greek See also:

• ANTHOLOGY

Anthology (ix . 400) . See l abricius, Bibliotheca Graeca (ed .

Harles), ix . 187; See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• TOLAND, JOHN [christened JANUS JuN1us] (1670-1722)

Toland, Tetradymus (1720); R . Hoche in Philologus (186o), xv . 435; monographs by See also:

• STEPHAN, HEINRICH VON (1831-1897)

Stephan See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf (See also:

• CZERNOWITZ (Rum. Cernautzi)

Czernowitz, 1879), H . Ligier (See also:

• DIJON

Dijon, 188o) and W . A . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer (See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, 1885), who devotes See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the relation of Hypatia to the chief representatives of Neoplatonism; J . B . See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury, Hist. of the Later Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire (1889), i . 208, 317 ; A . Gtfl enpenningg, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des ostromischen Reiches unter See also:

• ARCADIUS
• ARCADIUS (378–408)

Arcadius and See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius II . (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1885), p .

230; Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon, vi . (1889), from a See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic standpoint . The story of Hypatia also forms the basis of the well-known See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• ROMANCE

romance by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• KINGSLEY, CHARLES (1819-1875)
• KINGSLEY, HENRY (183o-1876)
• KINGSLEY, MARY HENRIETTA (1862-1900)

Kingsley (1853) .