See also:

• HYPERTROPHY (Gr. inrEp, over, and rpo(A, nourishment)

HYPERTROPHY (Gr. inrEp, over, and rpo(A, nourishment)  , a See also:

• TERM

term in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine employed to designate an abnormal increase in bulk of one or more of the See also:

• ORGANS

organs or component tissues of the See also:

• BODY

body (see See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

PATHOLOGY) . In its strict sense this term can only be applied where the increase affects the natural textures of a See also:

• PART

part, and is not applicable where the enlargement is due to the presence of some extraneous morbid formation . See also:

• HYPERTROPHY (Gr. inrEp, over, and rpo(A, nourishment)

Hypertrophy of a part may See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest itself either by simply an increase in the See also:

• SIZE

size of its constituents, or by this combined with an increase in their number (hyperplasia) . In many instances both are associated . The conditions giving rise to hypertrophy are the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse Other symptoms are very varied and differ widely in different of those described as producing See also:

• ATROPHY (Gr. It- priv., rpo4, nourishment)

ATROPHY (q.v.) . They are concisely stated by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• PAGET, SIR JAMES, BART

Paget as being chiefly or only three, namely: (1) the increased exercise of a part in its healthy functions; (2) an increased See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation in the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of the particular materials which a part appropriates to its See also:

• NUTRITION

nutrition or in secretion; and (3) an increased afflux of healthy blood . Illustrations are furnished of the first of these conditions by the high development of See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue under habitual active exercise; of the second in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of obesity, which is an hyper-See also:

• TROPHY (Gr. Tpo7rauov, from TpE7rw, put to flight; Lat. tropaeum)

trophy of the fatty tissues, the elements of which are furnished by the blood; and of the third in the occasional overgrowth of See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair in the neighbourhood of parts which are the seat of inflammation . Obviously therefore, in many instances, hypertrophy cannot be regarded as a deviation from See also:

• HEALTH

health, but rather on the contrary as indicative of a high degree of nutrition and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Even in those cases where it is found associated with disease, it is often produced as a salutary effort of nature to compensate for obstructions or other difficulties which have arisen in the See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and thus to See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward off evil consequences . No better example of this can be seen than in the case of certain forms of See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart disease, where from defect at some of the natural orifices of that See also:

• ORGAN

organ the onward flow of the blood is interfered with, and would soon give rise to serious embarrassment to the circulation, were it not that behind the seat of obstruction the heart gradually becomes hypertrophied, and thus acquires greater propelling power to overcome the resistance in front . Again, it has been noticed, in the case of certain See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double organs such as the kidneys, that when one has been destroyed by disease the other has become hypertrophied to such a degree as enables it to See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge the functions of both . Hypertrophy may, however, in certain circumstances constitute a disease, as in See also:

• GOITRE (from Lat. guttur, the throat; synonyms, Bronchocele, Derbyshire Neck)

goitre and See also:

• ELEPHANTIASIS (Barbadoes leg; Boucnemia)

elephantiasis (q.v.), and also in the case of certain tumours and growths (such as cutaneous excrescences, fatty tumours, mucous polypi, &c.), which are simply enlargements of normal textures .

Hypertrophy does not in all cases involve an increase in bulk; for, just as in atrophy there may be no diminution in the size of the affected organ, so in hypertrophy there may be no increase . This is See also:

• APT

apt to be the case where certain only of the elements of an organ undergo increase, while the others remain unaffected or are actually atrophied by the pressure of the hypertrophied tissue, as is seen in the disease known as cirrhosis of the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver . A See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious hypertrophy is observed in the rare disease to which G . B . See also:

• DUCHENNE, GUILLAUME BENJAMIN AMAND (1806-1875)

Duchenne applied the name of pseudo-hypertrophic See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis . This ailment, which appears to be confined to See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, consists essentially of a progressive loss of power accompanied with a remarkable enlargement of certain muscles or See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of muscles, more rarely of the whole muscular system . This increase of bulk is, however, not a true hypertrophy, but rather an excessive development of connective tissue in the substance of the muscles, the proper texture of which tends in consequence to undergo atrophy or degeneration . The See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance presented by a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child suffering from this disease is striking . The attitude and gait are remarkably altered, the child See also:

• STANDING

standing with shoulders thrown back, small of the back deeply curved inwards, and legs wide apart, while walking is accompanied with a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar swinging or racking See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . The calves of the legs, the buttocks, the muscles of the back, and occasionally other muscles, are seen to be unduly enlarged, and contrast strangely with the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general feebleness . The progress of the disease is marked by increasing failure of locomotory power, and ultimately by See also:

• COMPLETE

complete paralysis of the limbs . The malady is little amenable to treatment, and, although often prolonged for years, generally proves fatal before the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of maturity .