IBIS  , one of the sacred birds of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Egyptians . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce identified this See also:

• BIRD

bird with the See also:

• ABU

Abu-Hannes or " See also:

• FATHER

Father See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John " of the Abyssinians, and in 1790 it received from Latham (See also:

• INDEX

Index ornithologicus, p . 706) the name of See also:

• TANTALUS

Tantalus aethiopicus . This determination was placed beyond question by See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier (See also:

• ANN

Ann. du Museum, iv . 116-135) and See also:

• SAVIGNY, FRIEDRICH KARL VON (1779–1861)

Savigny (Hist. nat. et mythol. de l'ibis) in 18o5 . They, however, removed it from the Linnaean genus Tantalus and, Lacepede having some years before founded a genus Ibis, it was transferred thither, and is now generally known as I. aethiopica, though some speak of it as I. religiosa . No See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt can here be made to treat the ibis from a mythological or antiquarian point of view . Savigny's memoir contains a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEAL

deal of See also:

• MATTER

matter on the subject . See also:

• WILKINSON, JAMES (1757–1825)
• WILKINSON, JAMES JOHN GARTH (1812-1899)
• WILKINSON, JOHN (1728-1808)
• WILKINSON, SIR JOHN GARDNER (1797—1875)
• WILKINSON, TATE (1739—1803)

Wilkinson (.Ancient Egyptians, See also:

• SER

ser . 2, vol . H. pp . 217-224) added some of the results of later See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, and See also:

• RENOUF, SIR PETER LE PAGE (1822-1897)

Renouf in his Hibbert Lectures explains the origin of the myth .

The ibis is chiefly an inhabitant of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin from See also:

• DONGOLA

Dongola southward, as well as of See also:

• KORDOFAN

Kordofan and See also:

• SENNAR

Sennar; whence aboutmidsummer it moves northwards to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt.3 In See also:

• LOWER

Lower Egypt it bears the name of Abu-mengel, or " father of the sickle," from the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of its See also:

• BILL

bill, but it does not stay See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, disappearing when the Nile has subsided . Hence most travellers have failed to meet with it there2 (since their acquaintance with the birds of Egypt is limited to those which frequent the country in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter), and writers have denied generally to this See also:

• SPECIES

species a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in its See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• FAUNA

fauna (cf . See also:

• SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851)
• SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822)

Shelley, Birds of Egypt, p . 261) . However, in 1864, von See also:

• HEUGLIN, THEODOR VON (1824-1876)

Heuglin (Journ. fiir Ornithologie, 1865, p. too) saw a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young bird which had been shot in the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

Delta, and E . C . See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor (Ibis, 1878, p . 372) saw an adult which had been killed near See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Menzal in 1877 . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story told to See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus of its destroying See also:

• SNAKES

snakes is, according to Savigny, devoid of truth, but Cuvier states that he discovered partly digested remains of a snake in the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach of a mummied ibis . The ibis is somewhat larger than a See also:

• CURLEW (Fr. Courlis or Corlieu)

curlew, See also:

• NUMENIUS

Numenius arquata, which bird it resembles, with a much stouter bill and stouter legs . The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck are See also:

• BARE

bare and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black . The plumage is See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, except the primaries, which are black, and a black plume, formed by the secondaries, tertials and lower scapulars, and richly glossed with See also:

• BRONZE

bronze, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, which curves gracefully over the See also:

• HIND

hind-quarters .

The bill and feet are also black . The young lack the ornamental plume, and in them the head and neck are clothed with See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short black feathers, while the bill is yellow . The See also:

• NEST

nest is placed in bushes or high trees, the bird generally See also:

• BUILDING

building in companies, and in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August von Heuglin (Orn . See also:

• NORD

Nord-Ost-Afrikas, p . 1138) found that it had from two to four young or much incubated eggs.' These are of a dingy white, splashed, spotted and speckled with reddish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown . Congeneric with the typical ibis are two or three other species, the I. melanocephala of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, the I. molucca or I. strictipennis, of See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, and the I. bernieri of See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar; all of which closely resemble I. aethiopica; while many other forms not very far removed from it, though placed by authors in distinct genera,' are known . Among these are several beautiful species such as the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese Geronticus nippon, the Lophotibis cristata of Madagascar, and the See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet ibis,' Eudocimus ruber, of See also:

• AMERICA

America . The glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus, found throughout the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies, Central and the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern part of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North America, as well as in many parts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (whence it not unfrequently strays to the See also:

• BRITISH

British Islands), See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, See also:

• ASIA

Asia and Australia . This bird, believed to be the second See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of ibis spoken of by Herodotus, is rather smaller than the sacred ibis, and mostly of a dark See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour with brilliant green and See also:

• PURPLE

purple reflections on the upper parts, exhibiting, however, when young none of the rufous See also:

• HUE

hue . This species See also:

• LAYS

lays eggs of a deep See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-green colour, having wholly the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

heron's eggs, and it often breeds in See also:

• COMPANY

company with herons, while the eggs of all other ibises whose eggs are known resemble those of the sacred ibis . Though ibises resemble the curlews externally, there is no See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity between them . The Ibididae are more nearly related to the storks, Ciconiidae, and still more to the spoonbills, Plataleidae, with which latter many systematists consider them to form one See also:

• GROUP

group, the Hemiglottides of See also:

• NITZSCH, GREGOR WILHELM (179x-1861)
• NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868)

Nitzsch .

Together these See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups form the sub-See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Ciconiae of the order Ciconiiformes . The true ibises are also to be clearly separated from the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-ibises, Tantalidae, of which there are four or five species, by several not unimportant structural characters . Fossil remains of a true 1 It has been said to occur occasionally in Europe (See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia) . - 2 E . C . Taylor remarked (Ibis, 1859, p . 51), that the See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff-backed heron, See also:

• ARDEA

Ardea bubulcus, was made by the tourists' dragomans to do See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty for the "sacred ibis," and this seems to be no novel practice, since by it, or something like it, Hasselqvist was misled, and through him See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus . 3 The ibis has more than once nested in the gardens of the Zoological Society in See also:

• LONDON

London, and even reared its young there . * For some See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of these may be consulted Dr Reichenow's See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper in Journ. See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Ornithologie (1877), pp . 143-156; Elliot's in Proc . Zool . Society (1877), pp .

477-510; and that of Oustalet in Nouv . See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch. du Museum, ser . 2, vols . 1. pp . 167-184 . It is a popular See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error especially among painters—that this bird was the sacred ibis of the Egyptians . ibis, I. See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan, have been found in considerable See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers in the middle See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary beds of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France.' (A .