See also:

• IBN

IBN GABIROL [See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

SOLOMON See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

BEN See also:

• JUDAH

JUDAH]  , Jewish poet and philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MALAGA

Malaga, probably about 1021 . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of his troublous See also:

• LIFE

life was spent at See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa, but few See also:

• PERSONAL

personal details of it are recorded . His parents died while he was a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child and he was under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection first of a certain Jekuthiel, who died in 1039, and afterwards of See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel ha-Nagid, the well-known See also:

• PATRON

patron of learning . His passionate disposition, however, embittered no doubt by his misfortunes, involved him in frequent difficulties and led to his quarrelling with Samuel . It is generally agreed that he died See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, although the date is uncertain . Al See also:

• HARIZI, JUDAH BEN SOLOMON (13th cent.)

Harizi 1 says at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-nine, and See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses b . See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra' about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty, but See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham Zaccuto3 states that he died (at See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia) in 1070 . M . See also:

• STEINSCHNEIDER, MORITZ (1816-1907)

Steinschneider' accepts the date ro58 . His See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity began early . He is said to have composed poems at the age of sixteen, and elegies by him are extant on See also:

• HAI (939-1038)

Hai See also:

• GAON (Heb. for " Excellency," plural Geonim)

Gaon (died in 1038) and Jekuthiel (died in 1039), each of which was written probably soon after the See also:

• DEATH

death of the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person commemorated . About the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he also wrote his 'Anag, a poem on See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, of which only 97 lines out of 400 are pre-served .

Moses See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

ben Ezra says of him that he imitated Moslem See also:

• MODELS

models, and was the first to open to Jewish poets the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of versification,' meaning that he first popularized the use of Arabic metres in See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew, t is as a poet that he has been known to the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews to the esent See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and admired for the youthful freshness and beauty of his See also:

• WORK

work, in which he may be compared to the romantic school in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in the early 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Besides his lyrical and satirical poems, he contributed many of the finest compositions to the See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy (some of them with the See also:

• ACROSTIC (Gr. aKpos, at the end, and arixos, line or verse)

acrostic " Shelomoh ha-qaton "), which are widely different from the artificial manner of the earlier payyetanim . The best known of his longer liturgical compositions are the philosophical Kether Malkuth (for the Day of See also:

• ATONEMENT

Atonement) and the Azharoth, on the 613 precepts (for Shebhu'oth) . Owing to his pure biblical See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style he had an abiding See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on subsequent liturgical writers . Outside the Jewish community he was known as the philosopher Avicebron (Avencebrol, Avicebrol, &c.) The See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of identifying this name as a See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval corruption of See also:

• IBN

Ibn Gabirol is due to S . Munk, who showed that selections made by See also:

• SHEM (Hebrew for " name, renown, posterity ")

Shem Tobh Palgera (or Falgera) from the Megor IIayyim (the Hebrew See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of an Arabic See also:

• ORIGINAL

original) by Ibn Gabirol, corresponded to the Latin Funs Vitae of Avicebron . The Latin version, made by Johannes Hispalensis and Gundisalvi about one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years after the author's death, had at once become known among the Schoolmen of the 12th century and exerted a powerful influence upon them, although so little was known of the author that it was doubted whether he was a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian or a Moslem . The teaching of the Fans Vitae was entirely new to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of its origin, and being See also:

• DRAWN

drawn largely from Neoplatonic See also:

• SOURCES

sources could not be expected to find favour with Jewish thinkers . Its distinctive doctrines are: (1) that all created beings, spiritual or corporeal, are composed of See also:

• MATTER

matter and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the various See also:

• SPECIES

species of matter being but varieties of the universal matter, and similarly all forms being contained in one universal form; (2) that between the primal One and the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect (the vows of See also:

• PLOTINUS (A.D. 204-270)

Plotinus) there is interposed the divine Will, which is itself divine and above the distinction of form and matter, but is the cause of their See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union in the being next to itself, the intellect, in which Avicebron holds that the distinction does exist . The ' See also:

• JUD, LEO (1482–1542)

Jud . Har . Ilfacamce, ed .

See also:

• LAGARDE, PAUL ANTON DE (1827–1891)

Lagarde (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1883), p . 89, 1 . 61. z See the passage quoted by Munk, Melanges de philosophic arabe et juive (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1859), pp . 264 and 517 . ' See also:

• LIBER

Liber Juchassin, ed . Filipowski (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1857), p . 217 . Hebr . Ubersetzungen (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1893), § 219, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note 7o; cf . See also:

• KAUFMANN, CONSTANTINE PETROVICH (1818-1882)

Kaufmann, Studien fiber Sal.-ibn Gabirol (See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest, 1899), p . 79, note 2 . s See Munk, op. cit. pp .

515-516, transl. on pp . 263-264 . See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

Metre had been already used by See also:

• DUNASH

Dunash.See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine that there is a material, as well as a formal, See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in all created beings was explicitly adopted from Avicebron by See also:

• DUNS

Duns Scotus (as against the view of Albertus See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas), and perhaps his exaltation of the will above the intellect is due to the same influence . Avicebron develops his philosophical See also:

• SYSTEM

system throughout quite independently of his religious views—a practice wholly See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign to Jewish teachers, and one which could not be acceptable to them . Indeed, this See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge is expressly brought against him by Abraham ben See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo (died in 118o) . It is doubtless this non-religious attitude which accounts for the small See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention paid to the See also:

• FENS

Fens Vitae by the Jews, as compared with the wide influence of the See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of See also:

• MAIMONIDES

Maimonides . The other important work of Ibn Gabirol is Isldh al-akhldq (the improvement of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character), a popular work in Arabic, translated into Hebrew (Tigqun middoth ha-nephesh) by See also:

• JUDAH

Judah ibn Tibbon . It is widely different in treatment from the Fens, being intended as a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical not a speculative work . The collection of moral See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

maxims, compiled in Arabic but best known (in the Hebrew translation of Judah ibn Tibbon) as Mib, ar ha-peninim, is generally ascribed to Ibn Gabirol, though on less certain grounds . Avencebrolis Eons Vitae" (Latin See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text) in Clemens Baumker's Beitrage zur Gesch. sl . Philosophie, Bd. i . Hefte 2-4 (See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, 1892) ; The Improvement of the Moral Qualities [Arabic and See also:

• ENGLISH

English] ed. by S .

S . See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 19ot); A Choice of Pearls [Hebrew and English] ed. by Ascher (London, 1859) . On the philosophy in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general : S . Munk, Melanges (quoted above) ; Guttmann, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Philosophie See also:

• DES

des Sal.-ibn Gabirol (Gottingen, 1889) ; D . Kaufmann, Studien Ober Sal.-ibn Gabirol (Budapest, 1899); S . Horovitz, " Die Psychologie Ibn Gabirols," in the Jahresbericht des jfid. theol . Seminars Franckel'scher Stiftung (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, Igloo); Wittmann, " Zur Stellung Avencebrols (in Biiumker's Beitrage, Bd. v . Heft 1, See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

Monster, 1905) . (A .