See also:

• IBN

IBN KHALDUN [See also:

• ABU

Abu Zaid ibn Mahommed ibn Mahommed ibn Khaldun] (1332-1406)  , Arabic historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis . He studied the various branches of Arabic learning with See also:

• GREAT

great success . In 1352 he obtained employment under the Marinid See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan See also:

• ABU

Abu Irian (Faris I.) at See also:

• FEZ (Fes)

Fez . In the beginning of 1356, his integrity having been suspected, he was thrown into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison until the See also:

• DEATH

death of Abu See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan in 1358, when the See also:

• VIZIER

vizier al-See also:

• HASAN

Hasan See also:

• IBN

ibn See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar set him at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty and reinstated him in his See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and offices . He here continued to render great service to Abu See also:

• SALEM

Salem (See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim III.), Abu Inan's successor, but, having offended the See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, he obtained permission to emigrate to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, where, at See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada, he was received with great cordiality by Ibn al Ahmar, who had been greatly indebted to his See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good offices when an See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Abu Salem . The favours he received from the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign excited the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of the vizier, and he was driven back to See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa (1364), where he was received with great cordiality by the sultan of See also:

• BOUGIE

Bougie, Abu Abdallah, who had been formerly his See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion in prison . On the fall of Abu Abdallah Ibn Khaldun raised a large force amongst the See also:

• DESERT

desert See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, and entered the service of the sultan of See also:

• TLEMCEN

Tlemcen . A few years later he was taken prisoner by Abdalaziz ('Abd ul 'Aziz), who had defeated the sultan of Tlemcen and seized the See also:

• THRONE

throne . He then entered a monastic See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, and occupied himself with scholastic duties, until in 1370 he was sent for to Tlemcen by the new sultan . After the death of 'Abd ul 'Aziz he resided at Fez, enjoying the patronage and confidence of the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent . After some further vicissitudes in 1378 he entered the service of the sultan of his native See also:

• TOWN

town of Tunis, where he devoted himself almost exclusively to his studies and wrote his See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers . Having received permission to make the See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca, he reached See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo, where he was presented to the sultan,al-Malik udh-Dhahir Barkuk, who insisted on his remaining there, and in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1384 made him See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• CADI (g¢di)

cadi of the Malikite rite for Cairo .

This See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office he filled with great prudence and probity, removing many abuses in the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• SHIP

ship in which his wife and See also:

• FAMILY

family, with all his See also:

• PROPERTY

property, were coming to join him, was wrecked, and every one on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board lost . He endeavoured to find See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation in the completion of his history of the Arabs of Spain . At the same time he was removed from his office of cadi, which gave him more leisure for his See also:

• WORK

work . Three years later he made the See also:

• PILGRIM

pilgrim-See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age to Mecca, and on his return lived in retirement in the See also:

• FAYUM

Fayum until 1399, when he was again called upon to resume his functions as cadi . He was removed and reinstated in the office no fewer than five times . In 1400 he was sent to See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, in connexion with the expedition intended to oppose Timur or Tamerlane . When Timur had become See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the situation, Ibn Khaldun let 'himself down from the walls of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city by a rope, and presented himself before the conqueror, who permitted him to return to Egypt . Ibn Khaldun died on the 16th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1406, at the age of sixty-four . The great work by which he is known is a " Universal History," but it deals more particularly with the history of the Arabs of Spain and Africa . Its Arabic See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title is Kitab ul'Ibar, wa diwan el Mubtada wa'l Khabar, fi ayyamul'Arab wa'l'Ajam wa '1 See also:

• BERBER

Berber; that is, " The See also:

• BOOK

Book of Examples and the Collection of Origins and See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

Information respecting the History of the Arabs, Foreigners and Berbers." It consists of three books, an introduction and an autobiography . Book i. treats of the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization upon See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man; book ii. of the history of the Arabs and other peoples from the remotest antiquity until the author's own times; book in. of the history of the Berber tribes and of the kingdoms founded by that See also:

• RACE

race in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Africa .

The introduction is an elaborate See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of history and the development of society, and the autobiography contains the history, not only of the author himself, but of his family and of the dynasties which ruled in Fez, Tunis and Tlemcen during his lifetime, An edition of the Arabic See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text has been printed at Bulaq, (7 vols., 1867) and a See also:

• PART

part of the work has been translated by the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron McG. de Slane under the title of Histoire See also:

• DES

des Berberes (See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers, 1852—1856); it contains an admirable See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the author and See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of his work . Vol. i., the Mugaddama (See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface), was published by M . See also:

• QUATREMERE, ETIENNE MARC (1782-1857)

Quatremere (3 vols., See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1858), often republished in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, and a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation was made by McG. de Slane (3 vols., Paris, 1862-1868) . The parts of the history referring to the expeditions of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks into Moslem lands were edited by C . J . Tornberg (See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala, 1840), and the parts treating of the See also:

• BANN

Bann-1 Abmar See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Granada were translated into French by M . Gaudefroy-Demombynes in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal asiatique, See also:

• SER

ser . 9, vol. xiii . The Autobiography of Ibn KhaldT was translated into French by de Slane to the Journal asiatique, ser . 4, vol. iii . For an See also:

• ENGLISH

English appreciation of the philosophical spirit of Ibn Khaldun see R . See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

Flint's History of the See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy of History (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1893), pp .

157-170 . (E . H . P.; G . W .