See also:

• ICONIUM (mod. Konia)

ICONIUM (mod. See also:

• KONIA

Konia)  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, the last of the Phrygian See also:

• LAND

land towards See also:

• LYCAONIA

Lycaonia, was commonly reckoned to Lycaonia in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, but retained its old Phrygian connexion and See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to a comparatively See also:

• LATE

late date . Its natural surroundings must have made it an important See also:

• TOWN

town from the beginning of organized society in this region . It lies in an excellently fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, 6 m. from the Pisidian mountains on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, with mountains more distant on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, while to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east the dead level plain stretches away for hundreds of See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles, though the distant view is interrupted by See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island-like mountains . Streams from the Pisidian mountains make the land on the south-west and south of the city a See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden; but on the east and north-east a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of the naturally fertile See also:

• SOIL

soil is uncultivated . Trees grow nowhere except in the gardens near the city . See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

Irrigation is necessary for productiveness, and the See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is now deficient . A much greater supply was available for See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times and might be re-introduced . Originally a Phrygian city, as almost every authority who has come into contact with the population calls it, and as is implied in Acts xiv . 6, it was in a See also:

• POLITICAL

political sense the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief city of the Lycaonian tetrarchy added to the Galatian See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country about 165 B.C., and it was part of the Roman See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province See also:

• GALATIA

Galatia from 25 B.C. to about A.D . 295 . Then it was included in the province See also:

• PISIDIA

Pisidia (as See also:

• AMMIANUS, MARCELLINUS

Ammianus See also:

• MARCELLINUS, ST

Marcellinus describes it) till 372, after which it formed part of the new province Lycaonia so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the provincial See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division lasted . Later it was a See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal city of the theme of See also:

• ANATOLIA (Gr. avaroX,7, sunrise, i.e. eastern land)

Anatolia .

It suffered much from the Arab raids in the three centuries following A.D . 66o; its See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture in 708 is mentioned, but it never was held as a city of the caliphs . In later Roman and See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine times it must have been a large and wealthy city . It was a See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis and an archbishopric, and one of the earliest See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church was held there in A.D . 235 . The ecclesiastical organization of Lycaonia and the country See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• ICONIUM (mod. Konia)

Iconium on all sides was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and monuments of later 3rd and 4th century See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity are extremely numerous . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Iconium is utterly obscure . The city was thrice visited by St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, probably in A.D . 47, 50 and 53; and it is the principal See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of Paul and See also:

• THECLA, ST

Thecla (which though apocryphal has certainly some See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical basis; see THECLA) . There was a distinct Roman See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in Iconium, arising doubtless from the presence of Roman traders . This was recognized by See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius, who granted the honorary See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Claudiconium, and by See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian, who elevated the city to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of a Roman See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony about A.D . 130 under the name Colonia Aelia Hadriana See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Iconiensium .

The See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of its greatest splendour was after the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest by the Seljuk See also:

• TURKS

Turks about 1072-1074 . It soon became the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Seljuk See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and one of the most brilliant cities of the See also:

• WORLD

world . The See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the sultans and the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque of See also:

• ALA

Ala ed-din Kaikobad formerly covered great part of the See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the city . Farther south there is still the great complex of buildings which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the chief seat of the Mevlevi dervishes, asect widely spread over Anatolia . Many other splendid mosques and royal tombs adorned the city, and justified the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)

proverb, " See all the world; but see See also:

• KONIA

Konia." The walls, about 2 m. in circumference, consisted of a core of See also:

• RUBBLE

rubble and See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete, coated with ancient stones, See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, sculptures and architectural See also:

• MARBLES

marbles, forming a striking sight, which no traveller ever examined in detail . Beyond the walls extended the gardens and villas of a prosperous See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental population, especially on the south-west towards the suburb of Meram . When the Seljuk state See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke up, and the Osmanli or See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty arose, Konia decayed, its population dwindled and the splendid early Turkish buildings were suffered to go to ruin . As See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and intercourse diminished Konia See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew poorer and more ruinous . The walls and the palace, still perfect in the beginning of the 19th century, were gradually pulled down for See also:

• BUILDING

building material, and in 1882 there remained only a small part of the walls, from which all the See also:

• OUTER

outer stones had been removed, while the palace was a ruin . At that time and for some years later a large part of Konia was like a city of the dead . But about 1895 the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the Anatolian railway began to restore its prosperity . A See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good supply of drinking water was brought to the city by Ferid See also:

• PASHA

Pasha, who governed the vilayet ably for several years, till in 1903 he was appointed See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• VIZIER

Vizier .

The sacred buildings, mosques, &c., were patched up (except a few which were quite ruinous) and the walls wholly removed, but an unsightly fragment of a palace-See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower still remained in 1906 . In 1904—1905 the first two sections of the See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad railway, 117 m., to See also:

• KARAMAN (anc. Laranda, a name still used by the Christian inhabitants)

Karaman and Eregli, were built . In the city there is a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Ottoman See also:

• BANK

bank, a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government technical school, a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• MISSION

mission and a school, an Armenian See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant school for boys, an See also:

• AMERICAN

American mission school for girls, mainly Armenian, and other educational 'establishments . The founder of the Mevlevi dancing dervishes, the poet Mahommed Jelal-ed-Din (See also:

• RUMI, (1207-1273)

Rumi), in 1307, though tempted to assume the See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance along with the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of the Seljuk See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan Ala ed-din Kaikobad III., who died without heirs, preferred to pass on the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to See also:

• OSMAN (1832-1900)
• OSMAN (`UsMAN)

Osman, son of Ertogrul, and with his own hands invested Osman and girt him with the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword: this See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture was the legitimate beginning of the Osmanli authority . The heirs of Jelal-ed-Din (Rumi) were favoured by the Osmanli sultans until 1516, when See also:

• SELIM

Selim was on the point of destroying the Mevlevi See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment as hostile to the Osmanli and the faith; and though he did not do so the Mevlevi and their chiefs were deprived of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence and dignity . In 1829 Mahmud II. restored their dignity in part, and in 1889 Abd-ul-Hamid II. confirmed their exemption from military See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Mevlevi dervishes (Aziz-See also:

• EFFENDI (a Turkish word, corrupted from the Gr. wive rjr, a lord or master)

Effendi, Hazreti-Mevlana, Mollah-Unkiar, commonly styled simply Chelebi-Effendi) has the right to gird on the sultan's sword at his investiture, and is See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the considerable revenues of the greatest religious establishment in the empire . He has also the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of corresponding See also:

• DIRECT

direct with the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph; but otherwise is regarded as rather opposed to the Osmanli See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and has no real power . Iconium is distant by See also:

• RAIL

rail 466 m. from the See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus at Haidar-Pasha, and 389 from See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna by way of Afium-Kara-See also:

• HISSAR

Hissar . It has recently become the seat of a considerable manufacture of carpets, owing to the cheapness of labour . The population was estimated at 44,000 in 1890, and is now probably over 50,000 . See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury mines have begun to be worked; other minerals are known to exist .

(W . M .