See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• SPECIES

species from specere, to look at)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used both popularly and in philosophical terminology with the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general sense of " See also:

• MENTAL

mental picture." To have no See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea how a thing happened is to be without a mental picture of an occurrence . In this general sense it is synonymous with concept (q.v.) in its popular usage . In See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy the term " idea " is See also:

• COMMON

common to all See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and periods, but there is scarcely any term which has been used with so many different shades of meaning . See also:

• PLATO

Plato used it in the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics for the eternally existing reality, th( archetype, of which the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of sense are more or less imperfect copies . Chairs may be of different forms, sizes, See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours and so forth, but " laid up in the mind of See also:

• GOD

God " there is the one permanent idea or type, of which the many See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical chairs are derived with various degrees of imperfection . From this See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine it follows that these ideas are the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole reality (see further See also:

• IDEALISM (from Gr. i5Ea, archetype or model, through been urged of the truth of its point of view is the persistency Fr. idealisme)

IDEALISM) ; in opposition to it are the empirical thinkers of all See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time who find reality in particular physical objects (see See also:

• HYLOZOISM (Gr. iiX7)

HYLozoISM, See also:

• EMPIRICISM (from Gr. Eµrretpor, skilled in, from sreipa, experiment)

EMPIRICISM, &c.) . In striking contrast to Plato's use is that of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke, who defines " idea "- as " whatever is the See also:

• OBJECT

object of understanding when a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man thinks " (See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay on the Human Understanding (I.), vi . 8) . Here the term is applied not to the mental See also:

• PROCESS

process, but to anything whether physical or intellectual which is the object of it . See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume differs from Locke by limiting " idea " to the more or less vague mental reconstructions of perceptions, the perceptual process being described as an " impression." See also:

• WUNDT, WILHELM MAX (1832— )

Wundt widens the term to include " conscious See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of some object or process of the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• WORLD

world." In so doing he includes not only ideas of memory and See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination, but also perceptual processes, whereas other psychologists confine the term to the first two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . G . F .

Stout and J . M . See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin, in the See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Philosophy and See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

Psychology, i . 498, define " idea " as " the See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction with a more or less adequate See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image, of an object not actually See also:

• PRESENT

present to the senses." They point out that an idea and a See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception are by various authorities contrasted in various or in any of the newer forms which seek for the ultimate essence ways . " Difference in degree of intensity," " See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative of both mind and See also:

• MATTER

matter in some unknown force or See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy which, See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of bodily See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement on the See also:

• PART

part of the subject," " See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn- while in itself it is neither, yet contains the potentiality of both. parative dependence on mental activity," are suggested by It is true that in some See also:

• MODERN

modern developments of idealism the psychologists as characteristic of an idea as compared with a ultimate reality is conceived of in an impersonal way, but it is perception. usually added that this ultimate or See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute being is not some- It should be observed that an idea, in the narrower and thing See also:

• LOWER

lower but higher than self-conscious See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality, including generally accepted sense of a mental reproduction, is frequently it as a more fully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form may be said to include a more composite . That is, as in the example given above of the idea elementary . of See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair, a See also:

• GREAT

great many objects, differing materially in detail, 2 . Origin and Development of Idealism.—In its self-conscious all See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call a single idea . When a man, for example, has obtained form idealism is a modern doctrine . In it the self or subject an idea of chairs in general by comparison with which he can may be said to have come to its rights . This was possible in say " This is a chair, that is a See also:

• STOOL

stool," he has what is known any See also:

• COMPLETE

complete sense only after the introspective movement as an " abstract idea " distinct from the reproduction in his represented by the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages had done its See also:

• WORK

work, and the mind of any particular chair (see See also:

• ABSTRACTION (Lat. abs and trahere)

ABSTRACTION) . Furthermore thought of the individual mind and will as possessed of relative a complex idea may not have any corresponding physical See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence had worked itself out into some degree of clearness. object, though its particular constituent elements may severally In this respect See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes' dictum—cogito ergo sum—may be be the reproductions of actual perceptions .

Thus the idea of said to have struck the keynote of modern philosophy, and all a centaur is a complex mental picture composed of the subsequent See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation to have been merely a prolonged corn-ideas of man and See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, that of a mermaid of a woman and a mentary upon it . While in its completer form it is thus a See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish. doctrine distinctive of modern times, idealism has its roots far See PSYCHOLOGY. back in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of thought .