See also:

• IDRISI, or EDRISI [Abu Abdallah Mahommed Ibn Mahommed Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idrisi, c. A.D. 1099-1154]

IDRISI, or EDRISI [See also:

• ABU

Abu Abdallah Mahommed See also:

• IBN

Ibn Mahommed Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idrisi, c. A.D. 1099-1154]  , Arabic geographer . Very little is known of his See also:

• LIFE

life . Having See also:

• LEFT

left Islamic lands and become the courtier and panegyrist of a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, though himself a descendant of the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

Prophet, he was probably regarded by strict Moslems as a See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal, whose naive should not, if possible, be mentioned . His See also:

• GREAT

great-grandfather, See also:

• IDRISI, or EDRISI [Abu Abdallah Mahommed Ibn Mahommed Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idrisi, c. A.D. 1099-1154]

Idrisi II., " Biamrillah," a member of the great princely See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house which had reigned for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as caliphs in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, was prince of See also:

• MALAGA

Malaga, and likewise laid claim to the supreme See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title (See also:

• COMMANDER

Commander of the Faithful) . After his See also:

• DEATH

death in 10J5, Malaga was seized by See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada (10J7), and the Idrisi See also:

• FAMILY

family then probably migrated to See also:

• CEUTA (Arabic Sebta)

Ceuta, where a freedman of theirs held See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Here the geographer appeals to have been See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in A.H . 493 (A.D . 1099) . He is said to have studied at See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, and this tradition is See also:

• CON

con-firmed by his elaborate and enthusiastic description of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in his See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography . From this See also:

• WORK

work we know that he had visited, at some See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his life before A.D . 1154, both See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon and the mines of See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia . He had also once resided near See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco city, and once was at (Algerian) See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine .

More precisely, he tells us that in A.D . 1117-he went to see the See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of the Seven Sleepers at See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus; he probably travelled extensively in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . From doubtful readings in his See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text some have inferred that he had seen See also:

• PART

part of the coasts of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . We do not know when See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger II. of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily (See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

riot–1154) invited him to his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, but it must have been between 1125 and 1150 . Idrisi made for the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king a See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere and a disk representing the known See also:

• WORLD

world of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day—both in See also:

• SILVER

silver . These only absorbed one-third of the See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal that had been given him for the work, but Roger bestowed on him the remaining two-thirds as a See also:

• PRESENT

present, adding to this See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo,000 pieces of See also:

• MONEY

money and the See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo of a richly-laden See also:

• SHIP

ship from See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona . Roger next enlisted Idrisi's services in the compilation of a fresh description of the " inhabited' See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth " from observation, and not merely from books . The king and his geographer See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose emissaries whom they sent out into various countries to observe, See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record and See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design; as they returned, Idrisi inserted in the new geography the See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information they brought . Thus was gradually completed (by the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of Shawwal, A.H . J48=See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• JANUARY

January, A.D . 1154), the famous work, best known, from its See also:

• PATRON

patron and originator, as Al Rojari, but whose fullest title seems to have been, The going out of a Curious See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man to explore the Regions of the Globe, its Provinces, Islands, Cities and their Dimensions and Situation . This has been abbreviated to The Amusement of him who desires to See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the Earth, or The Relaxation of a Curious Mind .

The title of Nubian Geography, based upon Sionita and Hezronita's misreading of a passage See also:

• RELATING

relating to See also:

• NUBIA

Nubia and the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile, is entirely unwarranted and misleading . The Rogerian See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise contains a full description of the world as far as it was known to theauthor . The " inhabited earth "is divided into seven " climates," beginning at the equinoctial See also:

• LINE

line, and extending northwards to the limit at which the earth was supposed to be rendered uninhabitable by See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . Each See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is then divided by perpendicular lines into eleven equal parts, beginning with the western See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Africa and ending with the eastern coast of Asia . The whole world is thus formed into seventy-seven equal square compartments . The geographer begins with the first part of the first climate, including the westernmost part of the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara and a small (north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly) See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan (of which a vague knowledge had now been acquired by the Moslems of See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary), and thence proceeds eastward through the different divisions of this climate till he finds its termination in the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea of See also:

• CHINA

China . He then returns to the first part of the second climate, and so proceeds till he reaches the See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh part of the seventh climate, which terminates in north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east Asia, as he conceives that See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . The inconveniences of the arrangement (ignoring all divisions, See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical, See also:

• POLITICAL

political, linguistic or religious, which did not coincide with those of his "climates") are obvious . Though Idrisi was in such See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close relations with one of the most civilized of Christian courts and states, we find few traces of his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on See also:

• EUROPEAN

European thought and knowledge . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief exception is perhaps in the delineation of Africa in the world-maps of See also:

• MARINO

Marino See also:

• SANUTO (or SANUTO), MARINO
• SANUTO (SANUDO), MARINO

Sanuto (q.v.) and Pietro Vesconte . His See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the voyage of the Maghrurin or " Deceived Men " of Lisbon in the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic (a voyage on which they seem to have visited See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira and one of the Canaries) may have had some effect in stimulating the later ocean enterprise of Christian mariners; but we have no See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of this . Idrisi's Ptolemaic leanings give a distinctly See also:

• RETROGRADE (from the Lat. retro, backwards, gradiri, to go)

retrograde See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character to certain parts of his work, such as east Africa and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south Asia; and, in spite of the record of the Lisbon Wanderers, he fully shares the See also:

• COMMON

common Moslem dread of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, viscous, stormy and See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-swept See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the western ocean, whose limits no one knew, and over which thick and perpetual darkness brooded .

At the same time his breadth of view, his clear recognition of scientific truths (such as the roundness of the world) and his wide knowledge and intelligent application of preceding work (such as that of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy, Masudi and Al Jayhani) must not be forgotten . He also preserves and embodies a considerable amount of private and See also:

• SPECIAL

special information—especially as to Scandinavia (in whose delineation he far surpasses his predecessors), portions of the See also:

• AFRICAN

African coast, the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger (whose name is perhaps first to be found, after Ptolemy's doubtful Nigeir, in Idrisi), portions of the African coast, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, France, the Adriatic See also:

• SHORE

shore-lands, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and the Atlantic islands . No other Arabic work contains a larger assortment of valuable See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical facts; unfortunately the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names are often illegible or hopelessly corrupted in the See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts . Idrisi's world-See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, with all its shortcomings, is perhaps the best product of that strangely feeble thing—the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan cartography of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . Besides the Rojari, Idrisi wrote another work, largely geographical, cited by Abulfida as The See also:

• BOOK

Book of Kingdoms, but apparently entitled by its author The Gardens of Humanity and the Amusement of the Soul . This was composed for See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the See also:

• BAD, BCD

Bad (1154–1166), son and successor of Roger II., but is now lost . He likewise wrote, according to See also:

• IBN

Ibn Said, on Medicaments, and composed verses, which are referred to by the Sicilian Mahommedan poet Ibn Bashrun . Two manuscripts of Idrisi exist in the Bibliotheque Nationale, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and other two in the Bodleian Library, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . One of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MSS

MSS., brought from Egypt by See also:

• GREAVES, JOHN (1602–1652)

Greaves, is illustrated by d map of the known world, and by See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-three sectional maps (for each part of,the first three climates) . The second See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, brought by See also:

• POCOCKE, EDWARD (1604-1691)

Pococke from Syria, bears the date of A.13 . 906, or A.D . 1500 .

It consists of 32oleaves. and is illustrated by one See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and seventy-seven particular maps, the latter consequently including all the parts of every climate . The general map was published by Dr See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent in his Periplus of the Erythraean Sea . A copy of Idrisi's work in the See also:

• ESCORIAL

Escorial was destroyed by the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of 1671 . An- See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome of Idrisi's geography, in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Arabic, was printed, with many errors, in 1592 at the Medicean See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, from a MS. preserved in the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Ducal library at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence (Re geographic universali, . Modulus cultissianus . . ) . Even the description of See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca is here omitted . Pococke supplied it from his MS . In many See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

bibliographical See also:

• WORKS

works this impression has been wrongly characterized as one of the rarest of books . In 1619 two Maronite scholars, See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel Sionita. and Joannes Hezronita, published at Paris a Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of this epitome (Geographia Nubiensis, id est, accuratissima totius orbis in VII. climata divisi descriptio) . Besides its many inaccuracies of detail, this edition, by its unlucky title of Nubian Geography, started a fresh and fundamental See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error as to Idrisi's origin; this was founded on a misreading of a passage where Idrisi describes the Nile passing into Egypt through Nubia—not " terram nostram," as this version gives, but " terram illius " is here the true translation . See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Hieronymus Velschius, a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, had prepared a copy of the Arabic original, with a Latin translation, which he purposed to have illustrated with notes; but death interrupted this design, and his manuscript remains in the university library of See also:

• JENA

Jena .

See also:

• CASIRI, MIGUEL (1710-1791)

Casiri (Bib . Ar . Hisp . H . 13) mentions that he had determined to re-edit this work, but he appears never to have executed his intention . The part relating to Africa was ably edited by Johann Melchior See also:

• HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON (1842–1906)
• HARTMANN, MORITZ (1821–1872)

Hartmann (Commentatio de geographia Africae Edrisiana, See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1791, and Edrisii Africa, Gottingen, 1796) . Here are collected the notices of each region in other Moslem writers, so as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, for the time, a fairly See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• BODY

body of Arabic geography as to Africa . Hartmann afterwards published Idrisi's See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (Hispania, See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, 3 vols., 1802-1818) . An (indifferent) See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French translation of the whole of Idrisi's geography (the only complete version which has yet appeared), based on one of the MSS, of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, was published by Amedee See also:

• JAUBERT, PIERRE AMEDEE

Jaubert in 1836–184o, and forms volumes v. and vi. of the Recueil de voyages issued by the Paris Societe de Geographic; but a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and complete edition of the original text is still a desideratum . A number of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental scholars at See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden deter-See also:

• MINED

mined in 1861 to undertake the task . Spain and western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe were assigned to See also:

• DOZY, REINHART PIETER ANNE (182o-1883)

Dozy; eastern Europe and western Asia to Engelmann; central and eastern Asia to Defremery; and Africa to de See also:

• GOEJE, MICHAEL JAN DE (1836—1909)

Goeje . The first portion of the work appeared in 1866, under the title of Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par Edrisi, texte arabe, public avec une traduction, See also:

• DES

des notes et un glossaire par R .

Dozy et M . J. de Goeie (Leiden, E . J . See also:

• BRILL

Brill, 1866) ; but the other collaborators did not furnish their See also:

• QUOTA

quota . Other parts of Idrisi's work have been separately edited; e.g . " Spain " (Description de Espana de . Aledris), by J . A . See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde, in Arabic and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1799) ; " Sicily " (Descrizione della Sicilia . . . di Elidris), by P . D . Magri and F .

Tardia (See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo, 1764) ; " Italy " (Italia descritta nel " libro del Re Ruggero," compilato da Edrisi), by M . See also:

• AMARI, MICHELE (1806—1889)

Amari and C . See also:

• SCHIAPARELLI, GIOVANNI VIRGINIO (1835-191o)

Schiaparelli, in Arabic and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian (Rome, 1883); " Syria " (Syria descripta a . El Edrisio . . . ), by E . F . C . Rosenmuller, in Arabic and Latin, 1825, and (Idrisii . Syria), by J . Gildemeister (See also:

• BONN

Bonn,, 1885) (the last a Beilage to vol. viii. of the Zeitschrift.d. See also:

• DEUTSCH, IMMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873)

deutsch . Paldstina-Vereins) .

See also M . Casiri, Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis (2 vols., Madrid, 1760–1770); V . Lagus, " Idrisii notitiam terrarum Balticarum ex commerciis Scandinavorum et Italorum . ortam esse " in Atti del IV° Congresso internaz. degli orientalisti in Firenze, p . 395 (Florence, 1880) ; R . A . Brandel " Om och ur den arabiske geografen Idrisi," Akad. af See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . (See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala, 1894) . (C . R .