ILLINOIS  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Central See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, situated between 37° and 42° 30' N. See also:

• LAT

lat. and 87° 35' and 91° 4o' W. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . It is bounded N. by See also:

• WISCONSIN (known as " the Badger' state ")
• WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF

Wisconsin, E. by See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan and See also:

• INDIANA

Indiana, S.E. and S. by the See also:

• OHIO

Ohio See also:

• RIVER

river, which separates it from See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky, and S.W. and W. by the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi river, which separates it from See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri and See also:

• IOWA

Iowa . The Enabling See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress, which provided for the organization of Illinois Territory into a state, extended its See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river; consequently the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of the state is 58,329 sq. m., of which 2337 sq. m. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface, though the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official figures of the United States See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Survey, which does not take into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account this See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of jurisdiction, are 56,665 sq. m . Pltysiography.—Physiographically, the state (except the extreme See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern point) lies wholly in the See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

Prairie Plains region . The N.E. corner is by some placed in the " See also:

• GREAT

Great Lakes See also:

• DISTRICT

District." The southern point touches the Coastal See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

Plain See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

Belt at its northward extension called the " Mississippi Embayment." The surface of Illinois is an inclined See also:

• PLANE

plane, whose See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general slope is toward the S. and S.W . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level is about 600 ft.; the highest elevation is See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• MOUND

Mound (1257 ft.), on the Illinois-\Wiscor.,See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin boundary See also:

• LINE

line, one of a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of hills that crosses Jo Daviess, See also:

• STEPHENSON, GEORGE (1781–1848)
• STEPHENSON, O
• STEPHENSON, ROBERT (1803-1859)

Stephenson, See also:

• WINNEBAGO

Winnebago, See also:

• BOONE
• BOONE, DANIEL (1734-1820)

Boone and McHenry counties . An elevation from 6 to 10 m. wide crosses the southern See also:

• PART

part of the state from See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, in See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, on the Mississippi to Shawneetown, in See also:

• GALLATIN, ALBERT (1761-1849)

Gallatin county, on the Ohio, the highest point being 1047 ft. above the sea; from Grand Tower N. along the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois there is a slight elevation and there is another elevation of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor importance along the See also:

• WABASH

Wabash . Many of the river bluffs rise to an unusual height, Starved See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock, near See also:

• OTTAWA

Ottawa, in La Salle county, being 150 ft. above the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the Illinois river . See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

Cave in Rock, on the Ohio, in Hardin county, was once the resort of river pirates . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country S. of the elevation (mentioned above) between Grand Tower and Shawneetown was originally covered with forests . The drainage of Illinois is far better than its See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low elevation and comparatively level surface would suggest . There are more than 275 streams in the state, grouped in two river systems, one having the Mississippi, which receives three-fourths of the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of Illinois, as outlet, the other being tributary to the Wabash or Ohio See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers .

The most important river is the Illinois, which, formed by the junction of the See also:

• DES

Des Plaines and the See also:

• KANKAKEE

Kankakee, in the N.E. part of See also:

• GRUNDY, MRS
• GRUNDY, SYDNEY (1848– )

Grundy county, crosses the N. central and W. portions ofthe state, draining 24,726 sq. m . At some points, notably at Lake See also:

• PEORIA

Peoria, it broadens into vast expanses resembling lakes . The Kaskaskia, in the S., notable for its See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in See also:

• VOLUME

volume, and the See also:

• KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE (1793-1871)

Kock, in the N., are the other important rivers emptying into the Mississippi; the Embarrass and Little Wabash, the Saline and Cache in the E., are the important tributaries of the Wabash and Ohio rivers . The See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago river, a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stream i m. long, formed by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of its N. and S. branches, naturally flowed into Lake Michigan, but by the construction of the Chicago Drainage See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal its waters were turned in 1900 so that they ultimately flow into the Mississippi . The See also:

• SOIL

soil of Illinois is remarkable for its fertility . The surface soils are composed of See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift deposits, varying from io to 200 ft. in See also:

• DEPTH

depth; they are often overlaid with a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam to to 15 in. deep, and in a large portion of the state there is a subsoil of yellow See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay . The soil of the prairies is darker and coarser than that of the forests, but all See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences disappear with cultivation . The soil of the river valleys is alluvial and especially fertile, the " See also:

• AMERICAN

American Bottom," extending along the Mississippi from See also:

• ALTON

Alton to See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester, having been in cultivation for more than 150 years . Along the river bluffs there is a silicious See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit called See also:

• LOESS (Ger. Loss)

loess, which is well suited to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables . In general the N. part of the state is especially suited to the cultivation of See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay, the N. and central parts to See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, the E. to oats, and the S.W. to See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of Illinois is notable for its extremes of temperature . The warm winds which sweep up the Mississippi Valley from the Gulf of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico are responsible for the extremes of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic winds of the north, which find no See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain range to break their strength, cause the extremes of See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold .

The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature at Winnebago, near the N. border, is 470 F., and it increases to the southward at the See also:

• RATE

rate of about 2° for every degree of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude, being 52° F. at See also:

• SPRINGFIELD

Springfield, and 58° F. in See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo, at the S. extremity . The lowest temperature ever recorded in the state was -32° F., in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1905, at See also:

• ASHTON

Ashton in the N.W. and the highest was 115° F., in See also:

• JULY

July 1g01, at See also:

• CENTRALIA

Centralia, in the S., making a maximum range of 147° F . The range of extremes is considerably greater in the N. than in the S.; for example, at Winnebago extremes have ranged from -26° F. to 11o° F. or 136° F., but at Cairo they have ranged only from -16° F. to io6° F. or 122° F . The mean annual precipitation is about 39 in. in the S. counties, but this decreases to the northward, being about 36 in. in the central counties and 34 in. along the N. border . The mean annual See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-fall increases from 12 in. at the S. extremity to approximately 40 in. in the N. counties . In the N. the precipitation is 44.8 % greater in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and summer than it is in autumn and See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, but in the S. only 26.17% greater . At Cairo the prevailing winds are southerly duringall months except February, and as far north as Springfield they are southerly from See also:

• APRIL

April to See also:

• JANUARY

January; but throughout the N. See also:

• HALF

half of the state, except along the See also:

• SHORE

shore of Lake Michigan, where they vary from N.E. to S.W., the winds are mostly from the W. or N.W. from See also:

• OCTOBER

October to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March and very variable for the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the See also:

• YEAR

year . The dampness and miasma, to which so many of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early settlers' fatal " chills and See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever " were due, have practically disappeared before See also:

• MODERN

modern methods of sanitary drainage . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna and See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The fauna and flora, which are similar to those of the other North Central States of North America, impressed the early explorers with their richness and variety . " We have seen nothing like this for the fertility of the See also:

• LAND

land, its prairies, See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle," wrote Pere Jacques See also:

• MARQUETTE
• MARQUETTE, JACQUES (1637–1675)

Marquette of the Illinois region, and later explorers also See also:

• BORE

bore See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness to the richness of the country . Many of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original wild animals, such as the bison, See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver, See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer and See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx, have disappeared; wolves, foxes and See also:

• MINK

mink are rare; but rabbits, squirrels and raccoons are still See also:

• COMMON

common . The See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish are mainly the coarser See also:

• SPECIES

species, such as See also:

• CARP

carp, See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo-fish and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch ; of better See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food fish, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal varieties are See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass (black, striped and rock), crappie, See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike, " See also:

• JACK

jack See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon " or See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall-eyed pike, and See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun fish .

The yield of the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries in 1900 was valued at $388,876 . The most important fisheries on the Illinois river and its tributaries were at See also:

• HAVANA (the name is of aboriginal origin; Span. Habana or, more fully, San Cristobal de la Habana)

Havana, See also:

• PEKIN

Pekin and Peoria, which in 1907–1908 were represented by a total catch of about io,000,000 lb, out of a total for this river See also:

• SYSTEM

system of 17,570,000 lb . The flora is varied . Great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of See also:

• GRASSES

grasses and flowering See also:

• PLANTS

plants which once beautified the prairie landscape are still found on uncultivated lands, and there are about 8o species of trees, of which the See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• HICKORY

hickory, See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple and ash are the most common . The See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress is found only in the S. and the tamarack only in the N . The See also:

• FOREST

forest area, estimated• at 10,200 sq. m. in 1900, is almost wholly in the southern counties, and nearly all the trees which the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern half of the state had before the coming of the whites were along the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of streams . Among wild fruits are the See also:

• CHERRY

cherry, See also:

• PLUM

plum, See also:

• GRAPE

grape, See also:

• STRAWBERRY (Fragaria)

strawberry, black-See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

berry and See also:

• RASPBERRY

raspberry . See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

Industry and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—The fertility of the soil, the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and the transportation facilities have given Illinois a vast economic development . In 'goo more than seven-tenths of the inhabitants in gainful occupations were engaged in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture (25.6%), • manufactures and See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical pursuits (26.7%), and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and transportation (22%) . Historically and comparatively, agriculture is the most important industry . In 1900 about nine-tenths of the total land area was inclosed in farms; the value of See also:

• FARM

farm See also:

• PROPERTY

property ($2,004,316,897) was greater than that of any other state; as regards the total value of farm products in 1899 Illinois was surpassed only by Iowa; in the value of crops Illinois led all the states, and the values of property and of products were respectively 35-6% and 87.1% greater than at the end of the preceding See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade . During the last half of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the number of farms increased rapidly, and the, average See also:

• SIZE

size declined from 158 acres in 185o to 127.6 acres in 1870 and 124.2 acres in 1900 .

The prevailing See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure is that of owners, 60.7% of the farms being so operated in 1900; but during the decade 189o-1900 the number of farms cultivated by See also:

• CASH

cash tenants in-creased 30.8%, and the number by See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share tenants 24'5%, while the increase of cultivation by owners was only 1% . In proportion of farm land improved (84.5 %), Illinois was surpassed only by Iowa among the states . Cereals form the most important agricultural product (600,107,378 bushels in 1899—in value about three-fourths of the total agricultural products of the state) . In the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of cereals Illinois surpassed the other states at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of each decade during the last half of the 19th century except that ending in 189o, when Iowa was the leading state . Indian corn and oats are the most valuable crops . The See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of Illinois in the production of Indian corn was first in 1899 with about one-fifth of the total product of the United States, and first in 1907 I with nearly one-tenth of the total See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of the country (9,521,000 bushels out of 99,931,000) . In 1879, in 1899 and in 1905 (when it produced 132,779,762 bushels out of 953,216,197 from the entire country) it was first among the states producing oats, but it was surpassed by Iowa in 1889, 1906 and 1907; in 1907 the Illinois crop was 101,675,000 bushels . From 1850 until 1879 Illinois also led in the production of wheat; the competition of the more western states, however, caused a great decline in both acreage and production of that cereal, the state's rank in the number of bushels produced declining to third in 1889 and to fourteenth in 1899, but the crop and yield per See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre in 1902 was larger than any since 1894; in 1905 the state ranked ninth, in 1906 eighth and in 1907 fifth (the crop being 40,104,000 bushels) among the wheat-growing states of the country . The rank of the state in the growing of See also:

• RYE

rye also declined from second in 1879 to eighth in 1899 and to ninth in 1907 (when the crop was 1,106,000 bushels), and the rank in the growing of See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley from third in 1869 to sixteenth in 1899 . In 1907 the barley crop was 600,000 bushels . Hay and See also:

• FORAGE

forage are, after cereals, the most important crops; in 1907 2,664,000 acres produced 3,730,000 tons of hay valued at 841,030,000 . Potatoes and See also:

• BROOM

broom corn are other valuable products .

The See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato crop in 1907 was 13,398,000 bushels, valued at $9,647,000, and the See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• BEET

beet, first introduced during the last decade of the 19th century, gave promise of becoming one of the most important crops . From 1889 to 1899 there was a distinct decline in the production of apples and peaches, but there was a great increase in that of cherries, plums and See also:

• PEARS

pears . The large See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the state makes the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal products very valuable, Illinois ranking third in 1900 in the number of See also:

• DAIRY

dairy cows, and in the farm value of dairy products; indeed, all classes of live stock, except See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, increased in number from 185o to 1900, and at the end of the latter year Illinois was surpassed only by Iowa in the number of horses and See also:

• SWINE

swine; in 1909 there were more horses in Illinois than in Iowa . Important influences in the agricultural development of the state have been the formation of Farmers' Institutes, organized in 1895, a Corn Breeders' Association in 1898, and the introduction of fertilizers, the use of which in 1899 was nearly seven times the amount in 1889, and the study of soils, carried on by the State See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture . The growth of manufacturing in Illinois during the last half of the 19th century, due largely to the development of her exceptional transportation facilities, was the most rapid and remarkable in the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• HISTORY

history of the United States . In 185o the state ranked fifteenth, in 1860 eighth, in 187o See also:

• SIXTH

sixth, in 188o See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, in 1890 and again in 1900 third, in the value of its manufactures . The average increases of invested See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and products for each decade from 1850-19oo' were, respectively, 189.26% and 152.9%; in 1900 the capital invested ($776,829,598, of which $732,829,771 was in establishments under the factory system "), and the product ($1,259,730,168, of which $1,120,868,308 was from establishments under the " factory system "). showed unusually small percentages of increase over those for 1890 (54.7% and 38.6% respectively); and in 1905 the capital and product of establishments under the " factory system" were respectively $975,844,799 and $1,410,342,129, showing increases of 33.2% and 25.8% over the corresponding figures for 1900 . The most important industry was the wholesale slaughtering and packing of meats, which yielded 229% of the total manufactured product of the state in 1900, and 22.5% of the total in i The See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics for years See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 1900 are taken from reports of the U.S . See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

Census, those for years after 1900 from the Year Books of the U.S . Department of Agriculture . It should be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind that in census years, when comparison can be made, the two sets of statistics often vary considerably.1905 . From 187o to 1905 Illinois surpassed the other states in this industry, yielding in 1900 and in 1905 more than one-third of the total product of the United States .

The increase in the value of the product in this industry in Illinois between 1900 and 1905 was over 1o% . An interesting phase of the industry is the secondary enterprises that have See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed from it, nearly all portions of the slaughtered animal being finally put to use . The See also:

• BLOOD

blood is converted into clarifying material, the entrails are used for sausage coverings, the hoofs and small bones furnish the raw material for the manufacture of See also:

• GLUE (from the O. Fr. glu, bird-lime, from the Late Lat. gluten, glus, glue)

glue, the large bones are carved into See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife handles, and the horns into combs, the fats are made to yield butterine, See also:

• LARD (Fr. lard, from Lat. laridum, bacon fat, related to Gr. Naptvos fat, Napos dainty or sweet)

lard and See also:

• SOAP

soap, and the hides and See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair arc used in the manufacture of See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat-tresses and felts . The manufacture of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel products, and of products depending upon iron and steel as raw material, is second in importance . The iron for these See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries is secured from the Lake See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior region, the See also:

• COAL

coal and See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone from mines within the state . Indeed, in the manufacture of iron and steel, Illinois was surpassed in 1900 only by See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania and Ohio, the 1900 product being valued at $60,303,144; but the value of foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine See also:

• SHOP

shop products was even greater ($63,878,352)• In 1905 the iron and steel product had increased in value since 1900 44'9%, to $87,352,761; the foundry and machine shop products 25.2%, to $79,961,482; and the See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire product showed even greater increase, largely because of a difference of See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification in the two censuses, the value in 1905 being $14,099,566, as against $2,879,188 in 1900, showing an increase of nearly 390% . The development of agriculture, by creating a demand for improved farm machinery, has stimulated the inventive See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius; in many cases blacksmith shops have been transformed into machinery factories; also well-established companies of the eastern states have been induced to remove to Illinois by the low prices of iron and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, due to cheap transportation rates on the Great Lakes . Consequently, in 1890, in 1900 and again in 1905, Illinois surpassed any one of the other states in the production of agricultural implements, the product in 1900 being valued at $42,033,796, or 41'5% of the total output of agricultural machinery in the United States; and in 1905 with a value of $38,412,452 it represented 34.3% of the product of the entire country . In the See also:

• BUILDING

building of railway cars by manufacturing corporations, Illinois also led the states in 1900 and in 1905, the product being valued at $24,845,606 in 1900 and at $30,926,464 (an increase of nearly one-fourth) in 1905; and in construction by railway companies was second in 1900, with a product valued at $16,580,424, which had increased 53.7 % in 1905, when the product was valued at $25,491,209 . The greatest increase of products between 1890 and 1900 was in the manufacture of See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical apparatus (2400%), in which the increase in value of product was 37.2% between 1900 and 1905 . Another class of manufactures consists of those dependent upon agricultural products for raw material . Of these, the manufacture of distilled liquors was in 1900 and in 1905 the most important, Illinois leading the other states; the value of the 1900 product, which was nearly 12% less than that of 189o, was increased by 41.6%, to $54,101,805, in 1905 .

Pecria, the centre of the industry, is the largest producer of See also:

• WHISKY, or WHISKEY

whisky and high-class wines of the cities in the United States . There were also, in 1900, 35 See also:

• DIRECT

direct and other indirect products made from Indian corn by See also:

• GLUCOSE (from Gr. - twais, sweet)

glucose plants, which consumed one-fifth of the Indian corn product of the state, and the value of these products was 818,122,814; in 1905 it was only $14,532,180 . Of other manufactures dependent upon agriculture, See also:

• FLOUR

flour and grist See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill products declined between 1890 and 1900, but between 1900 and 1905 increased 39.6% to a value of $39,892,127 . The manufacture of See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and condensed See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk increased 6o % between r890 and 1900, but between 1900 and 1905 only 3.1 %, the product in 1905 being valued at $13,276,533 . Other prosperous industries are the manufacture of See also:

• LUMBER

lumber and See also:

• TIMBER

timber products (the raw material being floated down the Mississippi river from the forests of other states), whose output increased from 1890 to 1900 nearly 50%, but declined slightly between 1900 and 1905; of See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture ($22,131,846 in 1905; $15,285,475 in 1900; showing an increase of 44.8%), and of musical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments ($13,323,358 in 1905; $8,156,445 in 1900; an increase of 63.3% in the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period), in both of which Illinois was second in 1900 and in 1905; See also:

• BOOK

book and See also:

• JOB

job See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, in which the state ranked second in 1900 ($28,293,684 in 1905; $19,761,780 in 1900; an increase of 43.2%), newspaper and periodical printing ($28,644,981 in 1905; $19,404,955 in 1900; an increase of 47.6%), in which it ranked' third in 1900; and the manufacture of clothing, boots and shoes . The value of the clothing manufactured in 1905 was $67,439,617 (men's $55,202,999; See also:

• WOMEN

women's 812,236,618), an increase of 30.1% over 1900) . The great manufacturing centre is Chicago, where more than seven-tenths of the manufactured products of the state were produced in 1900, and more than two-thirds in 1905 . In this development of manufactures, the mineral resources have been an important See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, nearly one-fourth (23.6%) of the manufactured product in 1900 depending upon minerals for raw material . Although the iron ore, for the iron and steel industry, is furnished by the mines of the Lake Superior region, bituminous coal and limestone are supplied by the Illinois deposits . The great ' central coal See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of North America extends into Illinois frnm 306 Indiana as far N. as a line from the N. boundary of Grundy county to Rock See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, W. from Rock Island to See also:

• HENDERSON
• HENDERSON, ALEXANDER (1583-1646)
• HENDERSON, EBENEZER (1784-1858)
• HENDERSON, GEORGE FRANCIS ROBERT (1854-1903)
• HENDERSON, JOHN (1747-1785)

Henderson county, then S.W. to the southern part of Jackson county, when it runs S. into Kentucky, thus including more than three-fourths (42,900 sq. m.) of the land surface of the state . In 1679 Hennepin reported deposits of coal near what is now Ottawa on the Illinois; there was some See also:

• MINING

mining in 1810 on the Big Muddy river in Jackson county; and in 1833, 6000 tons were See also:

• MINED

mined . In 1907 (according to state authorities) coal was produced in 52 counties, See also:

• WILLIAMSON, ALEXANDER WILLIAM (1824–1904)
• WILLIAMSON, SIR JOSEPH (1633–1701)
• WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM CRAWFORD (18r6–1895)

Williamson, Sangamon, St Clair, Macoupin and See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison giving the largest yield .

In that year the See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage was 51,317,146, and the value of the total product $54,687,882; in 1908 the value of the state's product of coal was exceeded only by that of Pennsylvania (nearly six times as great) . Nearly 30% of all coal mined in the state was mined by machinery in 1907 . The output of See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum in Illinois was long unimportant . The first serious attempts to find oil and See also:

• GAS

gas in the state were in the 'fifties of the 19th century . In 1889 the yield of petroleum was 146o barrels . In 1902 it was only 200 barrels, nearly all of which came from See also:

• LITCHFIELD

Litchfield, See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery county (where oil had been found in commercial quantities in 1886), and See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, Tazewell county, in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west central part of the state; at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it was used locally for lubricating purposes . There had been some drilling in See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark county in 1865, and in 1904 this field was again worked at See also:

• WESTFIELD

Westfield . In 1905 the total output of the state was 181,084 barrels; in 1906 the amount increased to 4,397,050 barrels, valued at $3,274,818; and in 1907, according to state reports, the output was 24,281,973 barrels, being nearly as great as that of the Appalachian field . The petroleum-producing area of commercial importance is a See also:

• STRIP

strip of land about 8o m. long and 2 or 3 to 10 or 12 M. wide in the S.E. part of the state, centring about See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford county . In April 1906 the first See also:

• PIPE

pipe lines for petroleum in Illinois were laid; before that time all shipments had been in tank cars . In connexion with petroleum, natural gas has been found, especially in Clark and Crawford counties; in 1906 the state's product of natural gas was valued at $87,211 . Limestone is found in about 30 counties, principally See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook, Will and Kankakee; the value of the product in 1906 was $2,942,331 .

Clay and clay products of the state were valued in 1906 at $12,765,453 . Deposits of See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and See also:

• ZINC

zinc have been discovered and worked in Jo Daviess county, near See also:

• GALENA

Galena and See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, in the N.W. part of the state . A southern district, including parts of Hardin, See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope and Saline counties, has produced, incidentally to fluorspar, some lead, the maximum amount being 176,387 lb from the Fairview mine in 1866-1867 . In 1905 the zinc from the entire state was valued at $5,499,508; the lead See also:

• PRO

pro-duct in 1906 was valued at $65,208 . See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone, quarried in to counties, was valued in 1905 at $29,115 and in 1906 at $19,125 . Pope and Hardin counties were the only See also:

• SOURCES

sources of fluorspar in the United States from 1842 until 1898, when fluorspar began to be mined in Kentucky; in 1906 the output was 28,268 tons, valued at $160,623, and in 1905 33,275 tons, valued at $220,206 . The centre of the fluorspar district was Rosiclare in Hardin county . The See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement deposits are also of value, natural cement being valued at $228,22I and See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland cement at $2,461,494 in 1906 . Iron ore has been discovered . See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

Glass See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand is obtained from the Illinois river valley in La Salle county; in 1906 it was valued at $156,684, making the state in this product second only to Pennsylvania and West See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia (in 1905 it was second only to Pennsylvania) . The value of the total mineral product of the state in 1906 was estimated at $121,188,306.1 Communications.—Transportation facilities have been an important See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the economic development of Illinois . The first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European settlers, who were See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, came by way of the Great Lakes, and established intimate relations with New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans by the Mississippi river .

The American settlers came by way of the Ohio river, and the immigrants from the New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and Eastern states found their way to Illinois over the See also:

• ERIE

Erie Canal and the Great Lakes . The first transportation problem was to connect Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river; this was accomplished by building the Illinois & Michigan canal to La Salle, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation on the Illinois river, a See also:

• WORK

work which was begun in 1836 and completed in 1848 under the auspices of the state . In 18go the Sanitary District of Chicago undertook the construction of a canal from Chicago to See also:

• JOLIET

Joliet, where the new canal joins the Illinois & Michigan canal; this canal is 24 ft. deep and 16o ft. wide . The Federal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government completed in October 1907 the construction of a 1 According to the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of the State Geological Survey, the value of the total mineral product in the state for 1907 was $152,122,648, the values of the different minerals being as follows: coal, $54,687,382; See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig iron, about $52,228,000; petroleum, $16,432,947; clay and clay products, $13,351,362; zinc, $6,614,608; limestone, $4,333,651; Portland cement, $2,632,576; sand and See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel, $1,367,653; natural slag, $174,282; fluorspar, $141,971; mineral waters, $91,700; lead ore, $45,760; sandstone, $14,996; and pyrite, $5700.new canal, the Illinois & Mississippi, popularly known as the Hennepin, from Hennepin to Rock river (just above the mouth of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green river), 7 ft. deep, 52 ft. wide (at bottom), and 8o ft. wide at the water-line . This canal provides, with the Illinois & Michigan canal and the Illinois river, an improved waterway from Chicago to the Mississippi river, and greatly increases the commercial and industrial importance of the " twin cities " of See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

Sterling and Rock Falls, where the Rock river is da