See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

IMAGE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. imago, perhaps from the same See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root as imitari, copy, imitate)  , in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, a copy, See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation, exact See also:

• COUNTER

counter-See also:

• PART

part of something else . Thus the reflection of a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in a See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

mirror is known as his " See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image " ; in popular usage one person is similarly described as " the very image " of another; so in See also:

• ENTOMOLOGY (Gr. iv-roµa, insects, and Xiryos, a discourse)

entomology the See also:

• TERM

term is applied in its Latin See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form imago to an See also:

• INSECT

insect which, having passed through its larval stages, has achieved its full typical development . The term is in fact susceptible of two opposite connotations; on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, it implies that the thing to which it is applied is only a copy; on the other that as a copy it is faithful and accurate . See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

Psychology (q.v.) recognizes two uses of the term . The simplest is for the impression made by an observed See also:

• OBJECT

object on the retina, the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye; in this connexion the term " after-image " (better " after-sensation ") is used for an image which remains when the eye is withdrawn from a brilliantly lighted object; it is called See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive when the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour remains the same, negative when the complementary See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours are seen . The strict psychological use of the term " image " is by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy from the physiological for a purely See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea which is taken as being observed by the eye of the mind . These images are created or produced not by an See also:

• EXTERNAL

external stimulus, such as is necessary for a visual image (even the after-image is due to the continued excitement of the same See also:

• ORGAN

organ), but by a mental See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction . The simplest ideational image, which has been described as the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary memory-image, is " the peculiarly vivid and definite ideal representation of an object which we can maintain or recall by a suitable effort of See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention immediately after perceiving it " (Stout) . For this no external stimulus is required, and as compared with the after-image it represents the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects in See also:

• PERSPECTIVE (Lat. peespicere, to see through)

perspective just as they might be seen in See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception . This is characteristic of all mental images . The essential requisite for this primaryimage is that the attention should have been fixed upon the impressions . The relation between sense-impressions and mental images is a highly complicated one .

Difference in intensity is not a wholly satisfactory ground of distinction; abnormal See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical conditions apart, an image may have an intensity far greater than that of a sense-given impression . On the other hand, See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume is certainly right in holding that the distinctive See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a percept as compared with an image is in all See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary cases the force and liveliness with which it strikes the mind—the distinction, therefore, being one of quality, not of degree . A distinction of some importance is found in the " See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior steadiness " (See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward) of impressions; while looking at any set of surroundings, images of many different scenes may pass through the mind, each one of which is immediately distinguished from the impression of the actual See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene before the eyes . This arises partly, no doubt, from the fact that the perception has clear localization, which the image has not . In many cases indeed an image even of a most See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar scene is exceedingly vague and inaccurate . In See also:

• ART

Art the term is used for a representation or likeness of an animate or inanimate object, particularly of the figure of a person in See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture or See also:

• PAINTING

painting . The most general application of the word is to such a representation when used as an object of religious See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship or See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration, or as a decorative or architectural See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament in places of religious worship . The worship of images, or See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry, from the point of view of See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, is treated in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article IMAGE-WORSHIP, and the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the attitude of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, outside the See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, towards the use of images as objects of worship and religion in the article See also:

• ICONOCLASTS

ICONOCLASTS . With regard to the Pre-Reformation See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in England, it is of See also:

• INTEREST

interest to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that by the constitutions of See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop Winchelsey, 1305, it was the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish to provide for the parish church, among other objects, the images of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ on the See also:

• CROSS

Cross, of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint to whom the church was dedicated, to be placed in the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel, and of other See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints . The injunctions of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI., 1547, ordered the destruction of all images that had been the objects of superstitious use, and the act of 1549 (3 & 4 Edw . VI. c . 10) declared all such images illegal .

This act, repealed in See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's reign, was revived in 1604 (, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. c . 25) and is still in force . The See also:

• PRESENT

present effect of this unrepealed act, as stated in See also:

• BOYD, ANDREW KENNEDY HUTCHISON (1825—1899)
• BOYD, ROBERT BOYD, LORD (d. c. 1470)
• BOYD, ZACHARY (1585?-1653)

Boyd v . Philpotts (L.R . 6 P.C . 449), is that it only referred to the images then subject to abuse, which had been ordered to be removed, and did not refer to the subsequent use or abuse of other images . In Article XXII. of the Articles of Religion it is laid down that " the Romish See also:

• DOCTRINE

Doctrine concerning . . . Worshipping and Adoration as well of Images as of Reliques . . . is a fond thing mainly invented and grounded on no See also:

• WARRANTY

warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of See also:

• GOD

God." The See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in regard to images, which in this connexion include pictures and stained-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass windows, but not sculptured See also:

• EFFIGIES, MONUMENTAL

effigies on monuments or merely ornamental See also:

• WORK

work, is contained in various judicial decisions, and is not defined by See also:

• STATUTE

statute . The effect of these decisions is thus summarized in the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of the Royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline, 1906: " Such images are lawful as objects of decoration in a church, but are unlawful if they are made, or are in danger of being made, objects of superstitious reverence, contrary to Article XXII. against the worshipping and adoration of images . In accordance with this view, crosses, if not placed on the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Table, and aLso crucifixes, if part only of a sculptured See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design or architectural decoration, have been declared lawful .

The question whether a crucifix or See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood See also:

• STANDING

standing alone or combined with figures of the Blessed Virgin and St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John can, in any circumstances, be regarded as merely decorative, has given rise to a difference of judicial See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion and appears to be unsettled." Speaking generally, articles of decoration and embellishment not used in the services cannot lawfully be introduced into a church without the consent of the ordinary given by a See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty, the granting of which is subject to the judicial discretion of the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor or See also:

• COMMISSARY (from Med. Lat. commissaries, one to whom a charge or trust is committed)

commissary, sitting as See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . By See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section 8 of the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, complainants may take proceedings if it is considered that " any alteration in, or addition to, the fabric, ornaments or See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture has been made without legal authority, or that any decoration forbidden by law has been introduced into such church . . . provided that no proceedings shall be taken ... if such alteration or addition has been completed five years before the commencement of such proceedings." The following are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal cases on the subject: in Boyd v . Philpotts, 1874 (L.R., 4 Ad . & Ec . 297; 6 P.C . 435), the See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter See also:

• REREDOS (Anglo-Fr. areredos, from arere, behind, and dos, back)

reredos See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, the privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, See also:

• REVERSING

reversing the bishop's See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, allowed the structure, which contained sculptures in high See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

Ascension, Trans-figuration and Descent of the Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost at See also:

• PENTECOST

Pentecost, together with a cross and angels; in R. v. the Bishop of See also:

• LONDON

London, 1889 (23 Q.B.D . 414, 24 Q.B.D . 213), the St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's reredos case, the bishop refused further proceedings against the legality of a structure containing sculptured figures of Christ on the Cross and the Virgin and See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

Child . In See also:

• CLIFTON

Clifton v . Ridsdale, 1876 (1 P . £~ D., 316), a See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal crucifix on the centre of the chancel See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen was declared illegal as being in danger of being used superstitiously, and in the same case pictures or rather coloured reliefs representing the " Stations of the Cross " were ordered to be removed on the ground that they had been erected without a faculty, and were also considered unlawful by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• PENZANCE

Penzance as connected with certain superstitious devotion authorized by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman church .