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IMMANENCE (from Lat. in-manere to dwe...

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Originally appearing in Volume V14, Page 335 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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IMMANENCE (from See also:Lat. in-manere to dwell in, remain)  , in See also:philosophy and See also:theology a See also:term applied in contradistinction to' transcendence," to the fact or See also:condition of being entirely within something . Its most important use is for the theological conception of See also:God as existing in and throughout the created See also:world, as opposed, for example, to See also:Deism (q.v.), which conceives Him as See also:separate from and above the universe . This conception has been expressed in a See also:great variety of forms (see See also:THEISM, P . NTHEISM) . It should be observed that the See also:immanence See also:doctrine need not preclude the belief in the transcendence of God: thus God may be regarded as above the world (transcendent) and at the same See also:time as See also:present in and pervading it (immanent) . The immanence doctrine has arisen from two See also:main causes, the one metaphysical, the other religious . See also:Meta-See also:physical See also:speculation on the relation of See also:matter and mind has naturally led to a conviction of an underlying unity of all existence, and so to a metaphysical See also:identification of God and the universe: when this identification proceeds to the length of expressing the universe as merely a mode or See also:form of deity the result is See also:pantheism (cf. the Eleatics): when it regards the deity as simply the sum of the forces of nature (cf . See also:John See also:Toland) the result is See also:naturalism . In either See also:case, but especially in the former, it frequently becomes pure See also:mysticism (q.v.) . Religious thinkers are faced by the problem of the Creator and the created, and the See also:necessity for formulating a See also:close relationship between God and See also:man, the See also:Infinite and Perfect with the finite and imperfect . The conception of God as wholly See also:external to man, a purely See also:mechanical theory of the creation, is throughout Christendom regarded as false to the teaching of the New Testament as also to See also:Christian experience . The contrary view has gained ground in some quarters (cf. the so-called " New Theology " of Rev .

R . J . See also:

Campbell) so far as to postulate a divine See also:element in human beings, so definitely bridging over the See also:gap between finite and infinite which was to some extent admitted by the bulk of See also:early Christian teachers . In support of such a view are adduced not only the metaphysical difficulty of postulating any relationship between the infinite and the purely finite, but also the ethical P . G., tom. cxvii. p . 1305.problems of the nature of human goodness—i.e. how a merely human being could appreciate the nature of or display divine goodness—and the epistemological problem of explaining how finite mind can cognize the infinite . The development of the immanence theory of God has coincided with the deeper recognition of the essentially spiritual nature of deity as contrasted with the older semi-See also:pagan conception found very largely in the Old Testament of God as primarily a mighty ruler, obedience to whom is comparable with that of a subject to an See also:absolute monarch: the See also:idea of the dignity of man in virtue of his immediate relation with God may be traced in great measure to the humanist See also:movement of the 14th and 15th centuries (cf. the Inner See also:Light doctrine of Johann See also:Tauler) . In later times the conception of See also:conscience as an inward See also:monitor is symptomatic of the same movement of thought . In pure See also:metaphysics the term " immanence-philosophy " is given to a doctrine held largely by See also:German philosophers (Rehmke, Leclair, Schuppe and others) according to which all reality is reduced to elements immanent in consciousness . This doctrine is derived from See also:Berkeley and See also:Hume on the one See also:hand and from Kantianism on the other, and embodies the principle that nothing can exist for the mind See also:save itself . The natural consequence of this theory is that the individual consciousness alone exists (See also:solipsism): this position is, however, open to the obvious See also:criticism that in some cases individual consciousnesses agree in their content . Schuppe, therefore, postulates a See also:general consciousness (Bewusstsein uberhaupt) .

End of Article: IMMANENCE (from Lat. in-manere to dwell in, remain)
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IMMANUEL BEN SOLOMON (c. 1265-c. 1330)

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