See also:IMMANENCE (from See also:Lat. in-manere to dwell in, remain)
, in See also:philosophy and See also:theology a See also:term applied in contradistinction to'
transcendence," to the fact or See also:condition of being entirely within something
.
Its most important use is for the theological conception of See also:God as existing in and throughout the created See also:world, as opposed, for example, to See also:Deism (q.v.), which conceives Him as See also:separate from and above the universe
.
This conception has been expressed in a See also:great variety of forms (see See also:THEISM, P
.
NTHEISM)
.
It should be observed that the See also:immanence See also:doctrine need not preclude the belief in the transcendence of God: thus God may be regarded as above the world (transcendent) and at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time as See also:present in and pervading it (immanent)
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The immanence doctrine has arisen from two See also:main causes, the one metaphysical, the other religious
.
See also:Meta-See also:physical See also:speculation on the relation of See also:matter and mind has naturally led to a conviction of an underlying unity of all existence, and so to a metaphysical See also:identification of God and the universe: when this identification proceeds to the length of expressing the universe as merely a mode or See also:form of deity the result is See also:pantheism (cf. the Eleatics): when it regards the deity as simply the sum of the forces of nature (cf
.
See also:John See also:Toland) the result is See also:naturalism
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In either See also:case, but especially in the former, it frequently becomes pure See also:mysticism (q.v.)
.
Religious thinkers are faced by the problem of the Creator and the created, and the See also:necessity for formulating a See also:close relationship between God and See also:man, the See also:Infinite and Perfect with the finite and imperfect
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The conception of God as wholly See also:external to man, a purely See also:mechanical theory of the creation, is throughout Christendom regarded as false to the teaching of the New Testament as also to See also:Christian experience
.
The contrary view has gained ground in some quarters (cf. the so-called " New Theology " of Rev
.
R
.
J
.
See also:- CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
- CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
- CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN
- CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
- CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
- CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
- CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)
Campbell) so far as to postulate a divine See also:element in human beings, so definitely bridging over the See also:gap between finite and infinite which was to some extent admitted by the bulk of See also:early Christian teachers
.
In support of such a view are adduced not only the metaphysical difficulty of postulating any relationship between the infinite and the purely finite, but also the ethical
P
.
G., tom. cxvii. p
.
1305.problems of the nature of human goodness—i.e. how a merely human being could appreciate the nature of or display divine goodness—and the epistemological problem of explaining how finite mind can cognize the infinite
.
The development of the immanence theory of God has coincided with the deeper recognition of the essentially spiritual nature of deity as contrasted with the older semi-See also:pagan conception found very largely in the Old Testament of God as primarily a mighty ruler, obedience to whom is comparable with that of a subject to an See also:absolute monarch: the See also:idea of the dignity of man in virtue of his immediate relation with God may be traced in great measure to the humanist See also:movement of the 14th and 15th centuries (cf. the Inner See also:Light doctrine of Johann See also:Tauler)
.
In later times the conception of See also:conscience as an inward See also:monitor is symptomatic of the same movement of thought
.
In pure See also:metaphysics the term " immanence-philosophy " is given to a doctrine held largely by See also:German philosophers (Rehmke, Leclair, Schuppe and others) according to which all reality is reduced to elements immanent in consciousness
.
This doctrine is derived from See also:Berkeley and See also:Hume on the one See also:hand and from Kantianism on the other, and embodies the principle that nothing can exist for the mind See also:save itself
.
The natural consequence of this theory is that the individual consciousness alone exists (See also:solipsism): this position is, however, open to the obvious See also:criticism that in some cases individual consciousnesses agree in their content
.
Schuppe, therefore, postulates a See also:general consciousness (Bewusstsein uberhaupt)
.
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