INCENSE  ,' the perfume (See also:

• FUMIGATION (from Lat. fumigare, to smoke)

fumigation) arising from certain resins and See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum-resins, barks, See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, dried See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, fruits and seeds, when burnt, and also the substances so burnt . In its literal meaning the word " incense " is one with the word " perfume," the aroma given off with the See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke (per fumum') of any odoriferous substance when burnt . But, in use, while the meaning of the word " perfume " has been extended so as to include everything sweet in See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell, from smoking incense to the invisible fresh fragrance of fruits and exquisite See also:

• SCENT

scent of flowers, that of the word " incense," in all the See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in which it occurs. has, by an opposite See also:

• PROCESS

process of See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation, been gradually restricted almost exclusively to See also:

• FRANKINCENSE

frankincense (see FRANKINCENSE) . Frankincense has always been obtainable in Europe in greater quantity than any other of the aromatics imported from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East; it has therefore gradually come to be the only incense used in the religious See also:

• RITES

rites and domestic fumigations of many countries of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and at last to be properly regarded as the only " true " or " genuine " (i.e." See also:

• FRANC

franc") incense (see See also:

• LITTRE, MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE (1801-1881)

Littre's Fr . Dict. and See also:

• SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat's Etym . See also:

• DIET

Diet. of Engl . See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang.).3 The following is probably an exhaustive See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the substances available for incense or perfume mentioned in the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew Scriptures:—See also:

• ALGUM, or ALMUG TREE

Algum or almug See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood (almug in r See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings x . 11, 12; algum Incensum (or Incensum thuris) from incendere; Ital. and See also:

• PORT

Port. incense; Span. incienso; Fr. encens . The substantive occurs in an inscription of the Arvalian brotherhood (See also:

• MARINI (or MARINO), GIAMBATTISTA (1569-1625)

Marini, Gli Atti e Monumenti de' fratelli Arvali, p . 639),but is frequent only in ecclesiastical Latin . Compare the classical suffimentum and suffitus from suffio . For " incense " Ulfila (See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke i .

10, t I) has retained the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Ouµiap.a (thymiama) ; all the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic names (Ger . Weihrauch; Old Saxon Wiroc; Icel . Reykelsi; See also:

• DAN

Dan . Rogelse) seem to belong to the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period (See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, i . 5o) . 2 The etymological See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities of OGw, Duos, thus, fuffio, funus, and the Sans. dhuma are well known . See Max See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Chips, i . 99 . 3 Classical Latin has but one word (thus or tus) for all sorts of incense . Libanus, for frankincense, occurs only in the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate . Even the " ground frankincense " or " ground See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine " (Ajuga chamaepitys) was known to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans as Tus terrae (See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny), although they called some plant, from its smelling like frankincense, Libanotis, and a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of Thasian See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, also from its fragrance, Libanios . The Latino-barbaric word Olibanum (quasi Oleum Libani), the See also:

• COMMON

common name for frankincense in modern See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, is used in a See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict IX .

(1033) . It may here be remarked that the name " See also:

• EUROPEAN

European frankincense " is applied to Pinus Taeda, and to the resinous exudation (" See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch ") of the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian spruce firs (Abies excelsa) . The " incense See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree " of See also:

• AMERICA

America is the Inca guianensis, and the " incense wood " of the same See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent I. heplaphylla . in 2 Chron. ii . 8, and ix. to, ri), generally identified with See also:

• SANDAL (from the Latinized form of Gr. vavb4Atov or vav&aAov: this probably represents the Persian sandal, slipper; it is not to be referred to Gr. stasis, board)

sandal-wood (Santalum See also:

• ALBUM (Lat. albus, white)

album), a native of See also:

• MALABAR

Malabar and Malaya; aloes, or lign aloes (Heb. ahalim, ahalbth), produced by the Aloexylon Agallochum (Loureiro), a native of See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin-See also:

• CHINA

China, and Aquilaria Agallocha (Roxburgh), a native of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India beyond the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges; See also:

• BALM

balm (Heb. tsori), the oleo-See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin of Balsamodendron opobalsamum and B. gileadense; See also:

• BDELLIUM (0b XXwov, used by Pliny and Dioscorides as the 'name of a plant which exuded a fragrant gum)

bdellium (Heb. bdolah), the resin produced by Balsamodendron roxburghii, B . Mukul and B. pubescens, all natives of Upper India (See also:

• LASSEN, CHRISTIAN (1800-1876)
• LASSEN, EDUARD (1830-19o4)

Lassen, however, identifies bdolah with See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk) ; calamus (Heb. kaneh; sweet calamus, keneh bosem, Ex. See also:

• XXX

xxx . 23; Ezek. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 19; sweet See also:

• CANE

cane, kaneh hattob, Jer. vi . 20; Isa. xliii . 24), identified by See also:

• ROYLE, JOHN FORBES (1799—1858)

Royle with the Andropogon Calamus aromaticus or roosa grass of India; See also:

• CASSIA (Lat. cassia, Gr. mulct)
• CASSIA, VIA

cassia (Heb. kiddah) the Cinnamomum Cassia of China; See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon (Heb. kinnamon), the Cinnamomum zeylanicum of the Somali See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, but cultivated largely in See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon, where also it runs See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild, and in See also:

• JAVA

Java; costus (Heb. ketzioth), the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of the Aucklandia Costus (See also:

• FALCONER, HUGH (18o8–1865)
• FALCONER, WILLIAM (1732–1769)

Falconer), native of See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir; frankincense (Heb. lebonah), the gum-resin of Boswellia Frereana and B . Bhau-Dajiana of the Somali country, and of B . Carterii of the Somali country and the opposite See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia (see " The Genus Boswellia " by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• BIRDWOOD, SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER MOLESWORTH (1832– )

Birdwood, Transactions of the Linnean Society, xxi .

1871) See also:

• GALBANUM (Heb. Helben¢h; Gr. xaXfiavrl)

galbanum (Heb. helbenah), yielded by Opoidia galbanifera (Royle) of Khorassan, and Galbanum officinale (See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don) of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and other Ferulas; ladanum (Heb. See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot, translated " See also:

• MYRRH (from the Latinized form myrrha of Gr. µuppa; the Arabic murr, bitter, was applied to the substance from its bitterness)

myrrh " in Gen. See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . 25, xliii. ii), the resinous exudation of Cistus creticus, C. ladaniferus and other See also:

• SPECIES

species of " See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose " or " rose of See also:

• SHARON

Sharon "; myrrh (Heb. mor), the gum-resin of the Balsamodendron Myrrha of the Somali country and opposite See also:

• SHORE

shore of Arabia; onycha (Heb. sheheleth), the celebrated odoriferous See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell of the ancients, the operculum or " See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail " of a species of Strombus or " wing shell," formerly well known in Europe under the name of Blatta byzantina; it is still imported into Bombay to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn with frankincense and other incense to bring out their odours more strongly; See also:

• SAFFRON (Arab. za'faran)

saffron (Heb. karkom), the stigmata of See also:

• CROCUS

Crocus satiz.'us, a native originally of Kashmir; See also:

• SPIKENARD, or NARD (O. Fr. spiquenard, Lat. spica nardi, from spica, ear of corn, and Gr. vapSos, Pers. nard, Skt. nalada, Indian spikenard, from Skt, nal, to smell)

spikenard (Heb. nerd), the root of the Nardostachys Jatamansi of See also:

• NEPAL, NEPAUL

Nepal and See also:

• BHUTAN

Bhutan; stacte (Heb. nataf), generally referred to the Styrax officinalis of the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant, but Hanbury has shown that no stacte or storax is now derived from S. officinalis, and that all that is found in modern commerce is the product of the See also:

• LIQUIDAMBAR, LIQUID AMBER

Liquidambar orientalis of See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus and See also:

• ANATOLIA (Gr. avaroX,7, sunrise, i.e. eastern land)

Anatolia . Besides these aromatic substances named in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, the following must also be enumerated on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their common use as incense in the East; See also:

• BENZOIN

benzoin or gum See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

benjamin, first mentioned among Western writers by See also:

• IBN

Ibn Batuta (1325—1349) under the name of lubdn d' Jaz-i (i.e. olibanum of Java), corrupted in the parlance of Europe into benjamin and benzoin; camphor, produced by Cinnamomum Camphora, the " camphor See also:

• LAUREL

laurel " of China and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, and by Dryobalanops aromatica, a native of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, and widely used as incense throughout the East, particularly in China; See also:

• ELEMI

elemi, the resin of an unknown tree of the Philippine Islands, the elemi of old writers being the resin of Boswellia Frereana; gum-See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon or dragon's See also:

• BLOOD

blood, obtained from Calamus See also:

• DRACO (" the Dragon ")
• DRACO (7th century B.C.)

Draco, one of the ratan palms of the Indian Archipelago, See also:

• DRACAENA

Dracaena Draco, a liliaceous plant of the See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

Canary See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, and Pterocarpus Draco, a leguminous tree of the island of Socotra; rose-malloes, a corruption of the Javanese rasamala, or liquid storax, the resinous exudation of Liquidambar Altingia, a native of the Indian Archipelago (an See also:

• AMERICAN

American Liquidambar also produces a rose-malloes-like exudation) ; See also:

• STAR

star See also:

• ANISE (Pimpinella Anisum)

anise, the starlike See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of the Illicum anisatum of Yunan and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western China, burnt as incense in the temples of Japan; sweet See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag, the root of Acorus Calamus, the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath of the See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus, much used for incense in India . An aromatic See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, found on the coast of See also:

• CUTCH, GULF OF
• CUTCH, or KACH
• CUTCH, RUNN OF, or RANN OF KACH

Cutch, is used as incense in the temples of western India . The See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal excreta, musk and See also:

• CIVET

civet, also enter into the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of modern European pastils and clous fumants . See also:

• BALSAM (from Gr. f &X raµov, through Lat. balsamum, contracted by popular use to O. Fr. basme, mod. Fr. bdme; Eng. balm)

Balsam of Tolu, produced by Myroxylon toluiferum, a native of See also:

• VENEZUELA

Venezuela and New See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada; balsam of See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, derived from Myroxylon Pereirae, a native of See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• SALVADOR, or SAN SALVADOR (Republica del Salvador)

Salvador in Central America; Mexican and Brazilian elemi, produced by various species of Icica or " incense trees," and the liquid exudation of an American species of Liquidambar, are all used as incense in America . Hanbury quotes a See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty granted by Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius V . (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 2, 1571) to the bishops of the West Indies permitting the substitution of balsam of Peru for the balsam of the East in the preparation of the See also:

• CHRISM (through Lat. chrisma, from Gr. xpavua, an anointing substance, Xpiew , to anoint; through a Romanic form cresma comes the Fr. creme, and Eng. " cream ")

chrism to be used by the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church in America . The Sangre del drago of the Mexicans is a resin resembling dragon's blood obtained from a euphorbiaceous tree, Croton Draco . Probably nowhere can the actual See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical progress from the'See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive use of animal sacrifices to the later refinement of burning incense be more clearly traced than in the pages of the Old Testament, where no mention of the latter rite occurs before the period of the See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic legislation; but in the monuments of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt the See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic traces of the use of incense that still exist carry us back to a much earlier date . From Meroe to See also:

• MEMPHIS

Memphis the commonest subject carved or painted in the interiors of the temples is that of some contemporary Phrah or See also:

• PHARAOH (Par'oh)

Pharaoh worshipping the presiding deity with oblations ofgold and See also:

• SILVER

silver vessels, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments, gems, the firstlings of the See also:

• FLOCK

flock and See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

herd, cakes, fruits, flowers, wine, See also:

• ANOINTING

anointing oil and incense . Generally he holds in one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the censer, and with the other casts the pastils or osselets of incense into it: some-times he offers incense in one hand and makes the See also:

• LIBATION (Lat. libatio, from libare, to take a portion of something, to taste, hence to pour out as an offering to a deity, &c.; cf. Gr. Aeid3ew)

libation of wine with the other .

One of the best known of these representations is that carved on the memorial See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone placed by Tethmosis (Thothmes) IV . (1533 B.L.) on the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast of the See also:

• SPHINX (Gr. Q¢lyyea', to draw tight, squeeze)

Sphinx at Gizeh.1 The tablet represents Tethmosis before his See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian deity, the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-See also:

• GOD

god Re, pouring a libation of wine on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and offering incense on the other . The ancient Egyptians used various substances as incense . They worshipped Re at sunrise with resin, at See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day with myrrh and at sunset with an elaborate confection called kuphi, compounded of no fewer than sixteen ingredients, among which were See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, wine, raisins, resin, myrrh and sweet calamus . While it was being mixed, See also:

• HOLY

holy writings were read to those engaged in the operation . According to See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, apart from its mystic virtues arising from the magical See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of 4X4, its sweet odour had a benign physiological effect on those who offered it .2 The censer used was a hemispherical See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup or bowl of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze, supported by a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long handle, fashioned at one end like an open hand, in which the bowl was, as it were, held, while the other end within which the pastils of incense were kept was shaped into the See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head crowned with a disk, as the See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of Re .3 In See also:

• EMBALMING (Gr. 06Xaaµov, balsam; Ger. Einbalsamiren; Fr. embaumement)

embalming their dead the Egyptians filled the cavity of the belly with every sort of spicery except frankincense (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. ii . 86), for it was regarded as specially consecrated to the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the gods . In the burnt-offerings of male kine to See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis, the carcase of the See also:

• STEER, PAUL WILSON (186o– )

steer, after evisceration, was filled with See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• BREAD

bread, honey, raisins, See also:

• FIGS

figs, frankincense, myrrh and other aromatics, and thus stuffed was roasted, being basted all the while by pouring over it large quantities of sweet oil, and then eaten with See also:

• GREAT

great festivity . How important the See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption of frankincense in the worship of the gods became in Egypt is shown by two of its monuments, both of the greatest See also:

• INTEREST

interest and value for the See also:

• LIGHT

light they throw on the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history of the commerce of the Indian Ocean . One is an inscription in the rocky valley of Hammamat, through which the See also:

• DESERT

desert road from the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea to the valley of Egypt opens on the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields and See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm groves of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile neat See also:

• COPTOS (Egyptian Keft, Kebto)

Coptos . It was cut on the rocks by an See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian nobleman named Hannu, who states that he was sent by Pharaoh Sankhkere, Menthotp IV., with a force gathered out of the Thebaid, from Coptos to the Red Sea, there to take command of a See also:

• NAVAL

naval expedition to the Holy See also:

• LAND

Land of See also:

• PUNT (from Lat. ponto, pontoon; connected with pons, bridge)

Punt (Puoni), " to bring back odoriferous gums." Punt is identified with the Somali country, now known to be the native country of the trees that yield the bulk of the frankincense of commerce . The other bears the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of a second expedition to the same land of Punt, under-taken by command of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Hatshepsut, 1600- B.c .

It is pre-served in the vividly chiselled and richly coloured decorations portraying the history of the reign of this famous Pharaoh on the walls of the " See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

Stage See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple " at See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes . The temple is now in ruins, but the entire See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of gorgeous pictures recording the expedition to " the balsam land of Punt," from its leaving to its returning to Thebes, still remains intact and undefaced.4 These are the only authenticated instances of the export of incense trees from the Somali country until See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Playf See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, then See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent at See also:

• ADEN

Aden, in 1862—1864, collected and sent to Bombay the specimens from which Sir George Birdwood pre-pared his descriptions of them for the Linnean Society in 1868 . See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Antigonus is said to have had a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the true See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank-incense tree sent to him . - See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer tells us that the Egyptians of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time were emphatic-ally a nation of druggists (Od. iv . 229, 230) . This characteristic, in which, as in many others, they so remarkably resemble the t See also:

• BRUGSCH, HEINRICH KARL (1827-1894)

Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs, i . 77-81, 414-419 . 2 Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride, c . 52 . In Parthey's edition (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 185o) other recipes for the manufacture of kuphi, by See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen and Dioscorides, are given; also some results of the editor's own experiments . 3 See also:

• WILKINSON, JAMES (1757–1825)
• WILKINSON, JAMES JOHN GARTH (1812-1899)
• WILKINSON, JOHN (1728-1808)
• WILKINSON, SIR JOHN GARDNER (1797—1875)
• WILKINSON, TATE (1739—1803)

Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, i . 493; ii .

49, 398-400, 414-416 . Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs. i . 303-312 . Hindus, the Egyptians have maintained to the See also:

• PRESENT

present day; and, although they have changed their See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, the use of incense among them continues to be as See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar and formal as ever, The See also:

• KOHL

kohl or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder with which the modern, like the ancient, Egyptian ladies paint their languishing eyelids, is nothing but the smeeth of charred frankincense, or other odoriferous resin brought with frankincense, and phials of See also:

• WATER

water, from the well of Zem-zem, by the pilgrims returning from See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca . They also melt frankincense as a See also:

• DEPILATORY (from Lat. depilare, to pull out the pilus or hair)

depilatory, and smear their hands with a See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste into the composition of which frankincense enters, for the purpose of communicating to them an attractive perfume . See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (iv . 75) describes a similar artifice as practised by the See also:

• WOMEN

women of See also:

• SCYTHIA (Gr. EKuOia)

Scythia (compare also See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith x . 3, 4) . In See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather the Egyptians warm their rooms by placing in them a See also:

• BRAZIER (from the Fr. brasier, which comes from braise, hot charcoal)

brazier, " chafing-dish," or " See also:

• STANDING

standing-dish," filled with See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal, whereon incense is burnt; and in hot weather they refresh them by occasionally swinging a hand censer by a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain through them—frankincense, benzoin and See also:

• ALOE

aloe wood being chiefly used for the purpose.' In the authorized version of the Bible, the word "incense " translates two wholly distinct Hebrew words . In various passages in the latter portion of See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah (xl.–lxvi.), in See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah and in See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles, it represents the Hebrew lebonah, more usually rendered " frankincense "; elsewhere the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original word is ketoreth (Ex. xxx . 8, 9; Lev. x . 1; Num. vii .

14, &c.), a derivative of the verb kilter (Pi.) or hiktir (Hiph.), which verb is used, not only in Ex. xxx . 7, but also in Lev. i. g, iii . 11, ix . 13, and many other passages, to denote the process by which the " savour of See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction" in any burnt-offering, whether of flesh or of incense, is produced . Sometimes in the authorized version (as in 1 Kings iii . 3; 1 Sam. ii . 28) it is made to mean explicitly the burning of incense with only doubtful propriety . The expression " incense (ketoreth) of rains " in Ps. lxvi . 15 and the allusion in Ps. cxli . 2 ought both to be understood, most probably, of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary burnt-offerings.2 The " incense " (ketoreth), or " incense of sweet scents " (ketoreth sammim), called, in Ex. xxx . 35, " a confection after the See also:

• ART

art of the See also:

• APOTHECARY (from the Lat. apothecarius, a keeper of an apotheca, Gr. aroth is , a store)

apothecary," or rather " a perfume after the art of the perfumer," which was to be regarded as most holy, and the See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of which was prohibited under the severest penalties, was compounded of four " sweet scents " (sammim),3 namely stacte (nataph), onycha (sheheleth), galbanum (helbenah) and " pure " or " fine " frankincense (lebonah zaccah), pounded together in equal proportions, with (perhaps) an admixture of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt (memullah).' It was then to be "put before the testimony" in the " See also:

• TENT

tent of See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting." It was burnt on the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of incense by the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest every See also:

• MORNING

morning when the lamps were trimmed in the Holy See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place, and every evening when they were lighted or " set up " (Ex. xxx . 7, 8) .

A handful of it was also burnt once a See also:

• YEAR

year in the Holy of Holies by the high priest on a See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan of burning coals taken from the altar of burnt-offering (Lev. xvi . 12, 13) . Pure frankincense (lebonah) formed See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• MEAT

meat-offering (Lev. ii . 16, vi . 15), and was also presented along with the shew bread (Lev. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 7) every See also:

• SABBATH

Sabbath day (probably on two See also:

• GOLDEN

golden saucers; see Jos . See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant. iii. ro, 7) . The religious significance of the use of incense, or at least of its use in the Holy of Holies, is distinctly set forth in Lev. xvi . 12, 13 . The See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews were also in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of using odoriferous substances in connexion with the funeral See also:

• OBSEQUIES (Med. Lat. obsequiae, formed after class. Lat. exsequiae)

obsequies of distinguished persons (see 2 Chron. xvi . 14, XXI . 19; Jer. xxxiv .

5) . In See also:

• AMOS
• AMOS, SHELDON (1835–1886)

Amos vi. ro " he that burneth him " probably means " he that See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns per-fumes in his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour." References to the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome§See also:

• TIC

tic use of incense occur in Cant. iii . 6; Prov. xxvii . 9; cf. vii . 17 . The " See also:

• MARBLES

marbles " of See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh furnish frequent examples of the offering of incense to the sun-See also:

• GAD

gad and his See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort (2 Kings ' See See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane, Mod . Egyptians, pp . 34, 41, 139, 187, 438 (ed,.r86o) . 2 See \Vellhausen, Gesch . Israels, i . 70 sqq., who from philological and other data infers the See also:

• LATE

late date of the introduction of incense into the Jewish See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual . ' According to See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo (See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera, i .

504, ed . Mangey), they symbolized respectively water, earth, air and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . Other accounts of its composition, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from Rabbinical See also:

• SOURCES

sources, will he found in various See also:

• WORKS

works on Jewish antiquities; see, for example, See also:

• ROLAND
• ROLAND, LEGEND OF

Roland, An1iq . Sacr. See also:

• VET

vet . Hebr. pp . 39-41 (1712).See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 5) . The kings of See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria See also:

• UNITED

united in themselves the royal and priestly offices, and on the monuments they erected they are generally represented as offering incense and pouring out wine to the Tree of See also:

• LIFE

Life . They probably carried the incense in the sacred bag so frequently seen in their hands and in those also of the common priests . According to Herodotus (i . 183), frankincense to the amount of l000 talents' See also:

• WEIGHT

weight was offered every year, during the feast of See also:

• BEL

Bel, on the great altar of his temple in See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon . The monuments of See also:

• PERSEPOLIS

Persepolis and the coins of the Sassanians show that the religious use of incense was as common in ancient See also:

• PERSIA

Persia as in Babylonia and Assyria .

Five times a day the priests of the Persians (Zoroastrians) burnt incense on their sacred fire altars . In the Avesta (Vendidad, Fargard xix . 24, 40), the incense they used is named vohu gaono . It has been identified with benzoin, but was probably frankincense . Herodotus (iii . 99) states that the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs brought every year to See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius as See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute r000 talents of frankincense . The Parsecs still preserve in western India the. pure tradition of the ritual of incense as followed by their See also:

• RACE

race from probably the most ancient times . The Ramayana and Mahabharala afford See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the employment of incense by the Hindus, in the worship of the gods and the burning of the dead, from the remotest antiquity . Its use was obviously continued by the Buddhists during the prevalence of their religion in India, for it is still used by them in Nepal, See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet, Ceylon, See also:

• BURMA

Burma, China and Japan . These countries all received See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism from India, and a large proportion of the See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain and earthenware articles imported from China and japan into Europe consists of innumerable forms of censers . The See also:

• JAINS

Jains all over India burn sticks of incense before their Jina . The commonest incense in ancient India was probably frankincense .

The Indian frankincense tree, Boswellia thurifera, See also:

• COLEBROOKE, HENRY THOMAS (1765-1837)

Colebrooke (which certainly includes B. glabra, Roxburgh), is a doubtful native of India . It is found chiefly where the Buddhist religion prevailed in ancient times, in Bihar and along the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Himalayas and in western India, where it particularly flourishes in the neighbourhood of the Buddhist caves at See also:

• AJANTA (more properly AJUNTHA)

Ajanta . It is quite possible therefore that, in the course of their widely extended commerce during the one thousand years of their ascendancy, the Buddhists imported the true frankincense trees from See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and Arabia into India, and that the accepted Indian species are merely varieties of them . Now, however, the incense in commonest use in India is benzoin . But the consumption of all manner of odoriferous resins, gum resins, roots, woods, dried leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds in India, in social as well as religious observances, is enormous . The grateful perfumed powder abir or randa is composed either of See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• FLOUR

flour, See also:

• MANGO

mango bark or deodar wood, camphor and aniseed, or of See also:

• SANDALWOOD (from Fr. sandal, santal, Gr. oitvraXov, atw&sXov, Pers. sandal, chandan, Skt. chandana, the sandal tree; the form " sanders " is probably an English corruption)

sandalwood or wood aloes, and zerumbet, zedoary, rose flowers, camphor and civet . The incense sticks and pastils known all over India under the names of ud-buti (" benzoin-light ") or aggar-ki-buti (" wood aloes light ") are composed of benzoin, wood aloes, sandal-wood, rock See also:

• LICHEN (lichen ruber)

lichen, patchouli, rose-malloes, talispat (the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf of Flacourtia Cataphracta of Roxburgh), See also:

• MASTIC, or MASTICH (Gr. µao-rixrt, probably connected with µaoavOai, to chew, since mastic is used in the East as a chewing gum)

mastic and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-candy or gum . The' abb. and aggir butis made at the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• BIJAPUR

Bijapur in the Mahratta country are celebrated all over western India . The Indian Mussulmans indeed were rapidly degenerating into a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• SECT

sect of Hindus before the Wahabi revival, and the more See also:

• RECENT

recent political propaganda in support of the false See also:

• CALIPHATE

caliphate of the sultans of See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey; and we therefore find the religious use of incense among them more See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general than among the Mahommedans of any other country . They use it at the Ceremonies of See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)