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INDIANA

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Originally appearing in Volume V14, Page 426 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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INDIANA  , a See also:

north-central See also:state of the See also:United States of See also:America, the second state to be erected from the old North-See also:West Territory; popularly known as the " Hoosier State." It is located between latitudes 370 47' and 41° 50' N. and longitudes 84° 49' and 88° 2' W . It is bounded on the N. by See also:Michigan and See also:Lake Michigan, on the E. by See also:Ohio, on the S. by See also:Kentucky from which it is separated by the Ohio See also:river, and on the W. by See also:Illinois . Its See also:total See also:area is 36,350 sq . M., of which 440 sq . M. are See also:water See also:surface . Physiography.—Topographically, Indiana is similar to Ohio and Illinois, the greater See also:part of its surface being undulating See also:prairie See also:land, with a range of See also:sand-hills in the N. and a See also:chain of picturesque and rocky hills, known as " Knobs," some of which rise to a height of 500 ft., in the See also:southern counties along the Ohio river . This southern border of hills is the edge of the " See also:Cumberland See also:Plateau " physiographic See also:province . In the See also:northern portion of the state there are a number of lakes, of glacial origin, of which the largest are See also:English Lake in See also:Stark See also:county, See also:James Lake and Crooked Lake in See also:Steuben county, See also:Turkey Lake and Tippecanoe Lake in Kosciusko county and Lake Maxinkuckee in See also:Marshall county . In the See also:limestone region of the See also:south there are numerous caves, the most notable being See also:Wyandotte See also:Cave in See also:Crawford county, next to See also:Mammoth Cave the largest in the United States . In the southern and south-central part of the state, particularly in See also:Orange county, there are many See also:mineral springs, of which the best known are those at See also:French Lick and West See also:Baden . The larger streams flow in a See also:general south-See also:westerly direction, and the greater part of the state is drained into the Ohio through the See also:Wabash river and its tributaries . The Wabash, which has a total length of more than 500 m., has its headwaters in the western part of Ohio, and flows in a north-west, south-west, and south direction across the state, emptying into the Ohio river and forming for a considerable distance the boundary between Indiana and Illinois .

It is navigable for river steamboats at high water for about 350 M. of its course . Its See also:

principal tributaries are the Salamanie, Mississinewa, See also:Wild See also:Cat, Tippecanoe and See also:White See also:rivers . Of these the White river is by far the most important, being second only to the Wabash itself in extent of territory drained . It is formed by the confluence of its See also:East and West Forks, almost 50 M. above its entrance into the Wabash, which it joins about See also:loo m. above the Ohio . Other portions of the state are drained by the See also:Kankakee, a tributary of the Illinois, the St See also:Joseph and its principal See also:branch, the See also:Elkhart, which flow north through the south-west corner of Michigan and empty into Lake Michigan; the St See also:Mary's and another St Joseph, whose confluence forms the Maumee, which empties into Lake See also:Erie; and the White Water, which drains a considerable portion of the south-west part of the state into the Ohio . See also:Flora and See also:Fauna.—The flora of the state is varied, between 1400 and 1500 See also:species of flowering See also:plants being found . Among its native fruits are the See also:persimmon, the paw-paw, the See also:goose See also:plum and the See also:fox See also:grape . Cultivated fruits, such as apples, See also:pears, peaches, plums, grapes and berries, are raised in large quantities for the See also:market . The economic value of the forests was originally See also:great, but there has been reckless cutting, and the See also:timber-bearing forests are rapidly disappearing . As See also:late as 188o Indiana was an important timber-producing state, but in 1900 less than 30 % of the total acreage of the state—only about lo,800 sq. m.—was woodland, and on very little of this land were there forests of commercial importance . There are about 110 species of trees in the state, the commonest being the See also:oak . The bald See also:cypress, a southern See also:tree, seems to be an anomalous growth .

See also:

Blue grass is valuable for grazing and See also:hay-making . The principal crops include See also:Indian See also:corn, See also:wheat, oats, potatoes, See also:buckwheat, See also:rye and See also:clover . The fauna originally included See also:buffalo, See also:elk, See also:deer, wolves, See also:bear, See also:lynx, See also:beaver, See also:otter, See also:porcupine and See also:puma, but See also:civilization has driven them all out entirely . Rattlesnakes and See also:copperheads were formerly See also:common in the south . The See also:game birds include See also:quail (Bob White), ruffed See also:grouse and a few pinnated grouse (once very plentiful, then nearly exterminated, but now apparently reappearing under strict See also:protection), and such water birds as the mallard See also:duck, See also:wood duck, blue-and See also:green-winged teals, See also:Wilson's See also:snipe, and greater and lesser yellow legs (snipe) . The See also:song birds and insectivorous birds include the See also:cardinal See also:grosbeak, See also:scarlet and summer tanagers, meadow See also:lark, song See also:sparrow, catbird, See also:brown thrasher, wood See also:thrush, See also:house See also:wren, See also:robin, blue See also:bird, See also:goldfinch, red-headed See also:woodpecker, flicker (See also:golden-winged woodpecker), and several species of warblers . The game See also:fish include the See also:bass (small-mouth and large-mouth), See also:brook See also:trout, See also:pike, pickerel, and muskallonge, and there are many other large and small See also:food fishes . See also:Climate.—The climate of Indiana is unusually equable . The mean See also:annual temperature is about 52° F., ranging from 49° F. in the north to 54° in the south . The mean monthly temperature varies from 25° in the months of See also:December and See also:January to 770-79° in See also:July and See also:August . See also:Cold winds from the Great Lakes region frequently cause a fall in temperature to an extreme of–25° F. in the north and north central parts of the state . The mean annual rainfall for the entire state is about 43 in., varying from 35 in. in the north to 46 in. in the Ohio Valley .

The See also:

soil of the greater part of the state consists of a See also:drift See also:deposit of loose calcareous See also:loam, which extends to a considerable See also:depth, and which is exceedingly fertile . In the Ohio and White Water river valleys a See also:sandstone and limestone formation predominates . The north and north central portions of the state, formerly rather swampy, have become since the clearing of the forests as productive as the south central . The most fertile part of the state is the Wabash valley; the least fertile the sandy region, of small extent, immediately south of Lake Michigan . See also:Industry and Manufactures.—See also:Agriculture has always been and still is the See also:chief industry of the state of Indiana . According to the See also:census of 1900, 94.1 °o of the land area was included in farms, and of this 77.2% was improved . The proportion of farms rented comprised 28.6 °;, of the whole number, four-fifths of these being rented on a See also:share basis . The See also:average See also:size of farms, which in 1850 was 136.2 acres, had decreased to 105.3 acres in 188o and to 97.4 acres in 1900 . The value of the See also:farm See also:property increased from $726,781,857 in 1880 to $978,616,471 in 1900 . The farms are commonly cultivated on the three-See also:crop rotation See also:system . The proximity of such See also:good markets as See also:Chicago, See also:Cincinnati, St See also:Louis and See also:Louisville, in addition to the See also:local markets, and the unusual opportunities afforded by the See also:railways that See also:traverse every portion of the state, have been important factors in the rapid agricultural advance which has enabled Indiana to keep See also:pace with the newly See also:developed states farther west . Indiana was ninth in the value of its agricultural products in 1889, and retained the same relative See also:rank in 1899, although the value had considerably more than doubled, increasing from $94,759,262 in 1889 to $204,450,196 in 1899 .

The principal crops in which the state has maintained a high relative rank are Indian corn, wheat and hay; the acreage devoted to each of these increased considerably in the See also:

decade 1890–1900 . In 1907, according to the See also:Department of Agriculture, the acreage of Indian corn was 4,690,000 acres (7th of the states), and the yield was 168,840,000 bushels (5th of the states) ; of wheat, 2,362,000 acres (6th of the states) was planted, and the crop was 34,013,000 bushels (7th of the states) ; and 2,328,000 acres of hay (the 8th largest acreage among the states of the United States) produced 3,143,000 tons (the 8th largest crop) . Other important See also:staple crops are oats, rye and potatoes, of which the crops in 1907 were respectively 36,683,000 bushels, 961,000 bushels, and 7,308,000 bushels . There are no well-defined crop belts, the See also:production of the various crops being general throughout the state, except in the See also:case of potatoes, most of which are raised in the sandy regions of the north . The value of the See also:orchard products is large, and is steadily increasing: in the decade 1890–1900 the number of See also:pear trees increased from 204,579 to 868,184, and between 1889 and 1899 the crop increased from 157,707 to 231,713 bushels . Of See also:apple trees, which surpass all other orchard trees in number, there were more than 8,600,000 in 1900 . The total value of the state's orchard products in 1899 was 83,166,338, and the value of small fruits was $1,113,527 . The See also:canning industry both for fruits and small vegetables has become one of much importance since 1890 . Stock-raising is an industry of growing importance, the value of the live stock in the state increasing from $71,068,758 in 188o to $93,361,422 in 1890 and $109,550,761 in 1900 . See also:Sheep-raising, how-ever, which is confined largely to the north and east portions of the state, decreased slightly in importance between 1890 and 1900 . The value of the See also:dairy products sold in 1899 (census of 1900) was $8,027,370, nearly one-See also:half of which was represented by See also:butter; and the total value of dairy products was $15,739,594 . In the value, extent and producing See also:power of her manufacturing See also:industries Indiana has made remarkable advance since 1880 .

This increase, which more than kept pace with that of the See also:

country as a whole, was due largely to local causes, among which may be mentioned the unusual See also:shipping facilities afforded by the network of railways, the See also:discovery and development of natural See also:gas, and the proximity of See also:coal See also:fields, the gas and the coal together furnishing an ample See also:supply of cheap See also:fuel . The number of manufacturing establishments (under the " factory " system) within the state was 7128 in 1900, 7044 in 1905; their invested See also:capital was $219,321,080 in 1900 and $312,071,234 in 1905, an increase of 42.3%; and the value of theirtotal product was $337,071,630 in 1900 and $393,954,405 in 1905, an increase of 16.9% . The most important manufactured products in 1905 were See also:flour and grist See also:mill products, valued at $36,473,543; in 1900, when they were second in importance to slaughter-house products and packed meats, they were valued at $29,037,843 . Next in importance in 1905 was the slaughtering and See also:meat-packing industry, of which the total product was valued at $29,352,593; in 1900 it was valued at $43,862,273 . Other important manufactured products were: those of See also:machine shops and foundries, the value of which increased from $17,228,096 in 1900 to $23,108,516 in 1905, or 34.1 %; distilled liquors, the value of which had increased from $16,961,058 in 1900 to $20,520,261 in 1905, an increase of 21 See also:iron and See also:steel, valued at $19,338,481 in 1900 and at $16,920,326 in 1905; carriages and wagons, valued at $12,661,217 in 1900 and at $15,228,337 in 1905; See also:lumber and timber products, valued at $19,979,971 in 1900 and at $14,559,662 in 1905; and See also:glass, valued at $14,757,883 In 1900 and at $14,706,929 in 1905—this being 3.7% of the product value of all manufactures in the state in 1905, and 18.5% of the value of glass produced in the United States in that See also:year . The growth in the preceding decade of the iron and steel industry, the products of which increased in value from $4,742,760 in 1890 to $19,338,481 in 1900 (307.7 %), and of the manufacture of glass, the value of which increased from $2,995,409 in 1890 to $14,757,883 in 1900 (392'7 °"o), is directly attributable to the development of natural gas as fuel; the decrease in the value of the products of these same industries in 1900–1905 is partly due to the growing scarcity of the natural gas supply . As compared with the other states of the United States in value of manufactured products, Indiana ranked second in 1900 and in 1905 in carriages and wagons, glass and distilled liquors; was seventh in 1900 and See also:fourth in 1905 in See also:furniture; was fourth in 1900 and seventh in 1905 in wholesale slaughtering and meat-packing; was fifth in 1900 and See also:sixth in 1905 in agricultural implements; and in iron and steel and flour and grist mill products was fifth in 1900 and eighth in 1905 . The most important manufacturing centres are See also:Indianapolis, Terre Haute, See also:Evansville, South See also:Bend, Fort See also:Wayne, See also:Anderson, See also:Hammond, See also:Richmond, See also:Muncie, Michigan See also:City and See also:Elwood, each having a See also:gross annual product of more than $6,000,000 . According to the annual See also:report on Mineral Resources of the United States for 1906, Indiana ranked fifth in the See also:Union in the value of natural gas produced, sixth in See also:petroleum, and sixth in coal . Natural gas was discovered in 1886 in the east-central part of the state, and its general application to manufacturing purposes caused an See also:industrial revolution in the immediate region . See also:Pipe lines carried it to various manufacturing centres within the state and to Chicago, See also:Ill., and See also:Dayton, Ohio . During the See also:early years an enormous amount was wasted ; this was soon prohibited by See also:law, and a realization that the supply was not unlimited resulted in a better appreciation of its great value .

The gas, which is found in the Trenton limestone, had. an initial pressure at the point of discovery of 325 lb; this pressure had decreased in the See also:

field centre by January 1896 to 230 ib, and by January 1901 to 115 lb, the general average of pressure at the latter elate being 80 lb . The gas field extends over See also:Hancock, See also:Henry, See also:Hamilton, See also:Tipton, See also:Madison, See also:Grant and See also:Delaware counties . The value of the output See also:fell from $7,254'539 in 1900 to $1,750,715 in 1906, when the state's product was only 4.2 % of that of the entire country . On the 1st of January 1909 there were 3223 See also:wells in operation, some of which were 1200 ft. deep . It has been found that "dead " gas wells, if drilled somewhat deeper, generally become active oil wells . The development of the petroleum field, which extends over See also:Adams, Wells, See also:Jay, Blackford and Grant counties, was rapid up to 1904 . The annual output increased from 33,375 barrels in 1889 to 11,339,124 barrels in 1904, the latter amount being valued at $12,235,674 and being 12.09 of the value of the product of the entire country . In 1906 there was an output of only 7,673,477 barrels, valued at $6,770,066, being 7.3% of the product value of the entire country . The Indiana coal fields, which See also:cover an area of between 7000 and 7500 sq. m. in the west and south-west, chiefly in See also:Clay, See also:Vigo, See also:Sullivan, See also:Vermilion and See also:Greene counties, yielded in 1902 9,446,424 tons, valued at $10,399,660; in 1907, 13,985,713 tons, valued at $15,114,300; the production more than trebled since 1896, when it was 3,905,779 tons . The deposits consist of workable See also:veins, 50 to 220 ft. in depth, and averaging 8o ft. below the surface . It is a high grade See also:block, or " splint " coal, remarkably See also:free from See also:sulphur and See also:rich in See also:carbon, peculiarly adapted to blast See also:furnace use . The quarries and clay beds of the state are of great value .

The quarries of sand-See also:

stone and limestone are chiefly in the south and south-central portions of the state . The value of the limestone quarried in 1908 was $3,643,2261, as compared with $2,553,502 in 1902 . The See also:Bedford oolitic limestone quarries in See also:Owen, See also:Monroe, See also:Lawrence, See also:Washington and Crawford counties furnish one of the most valuable and widely used See also:building stones in the United States, the value of the product in 1905 being $2,492,960, of which $2,393,475 was from Lawrence and Monroe counties and $1,550,076 from Lawrence county alone . Beds of See also:brick-See also:clays and potters' clay are widely distributed throughout the state, the total value of pottery products in 1902 being $5,283,733 and in 1906 $7,158,234 . Marls adapted to the manufacture of See also:Port land See also:cement are found along the Ohio river, and in the lake region in the north . In 1905 and 1906 Indiana ranked third among the states in the production of See also:Portland cement, which in 1908 was 6,478,165 barrels, valued at $5,386,563—an enormous advance over 1903, when the product was 1,077,137 barrels, valued at $1,347,797 . The production of natural See also:rock cement, chiefly in See also:Clark county, is one of the two See also:oldest industries in the state, but in Indiana as elsewhere it is falling off—from an output in 1903 of about 1,350,000 barrels to 212,901 barrels (valued at $240,000) in 1908 . There are many mineral springs in the state, and there are famous resorts at French Lick and West Baden in Orange county . A large part of the water bottled is medicinal: hence the high average See also:price per See also:gallon ($0.99 in 1907 when 514,366 gallons were sold, valued at $507,746, only 2 % being table See also:waters) . In 1907 19 springs were reported at which mineral waters were bottled and sold; they were in See also:Allen, See also:Hendricks, Pike, See also:Bartholomew, See also:Warren, Clark, See also:Martin, Brown, See also:Gibson, Wayne, Orange, Vigo and Dearborn counties . A law of 1909 prohibited the pumping of certain mineral waters if such pumping diminished the flow or injured the quality of the water of any See also:spring . Communications.—During the early See also:period, the See also:settlement of the northern and central portions of the state was greatly retarded by the lack of highways or navigable waterways .

The Wabash and Erie See also:

canal (1843), which connected Lake Erie with the Ohio river, entering the state in Allen county, east of Fort Wayne, and following the Wabash river to Terre Haute and the western See also:fork of the White river from Worthington, Greene county, to See also:Petersburg, Pike county, whence it ran south-south-west to Evansville; and the White Water canal from See also:Hagerstown, Wayne county, mostly along the course of the White Water river, to See also:Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio river, in the south-eastern corner of the state, although now abandoned, served an important purpose in their See also:day . The completion (about 1850) of the See also:National Road, which traversed the state, still further aided the See also:internal development . With the beginning of railway construction (about 1847), however, a new era was opened . Indiana is unusually well served with railways, which See also:form a veritable network of track in every part of the state . It is traversed by nearly all the great transcontinental See also:trunk See also:line systems, and also by important north and south lines . The total railway mileage in January 1909 was 7286.2o m . There has been a great development also in interurban electric lines,which have been adapted both to passenger and to See also:light See also:freight and See also:express See also:traffic; in 1908 there were 31 interurban electric lines within the state with a mileage of 1500 m . Indianapolis is the centre of this interurban network . The first trolley sleeping cars were those used on the Ohio and Indiana interurban railways . The deepening of the channel of the Wabash river was begun in 1872 . Below See also:Vincennes before 1885 boats of 3-ft. draft could navigate the river, but after See also:work was concentrated in 1885 on the See also:lock at See also:Grand Rapids, near Mt See also:Carmel, Ill., the channel was soon clogged again, and in 1909 it was impossible for boats with a greater draft than 20 in. to go from Mt Carmel to Vincennes, although up to See also:June 1909 about $81o,000 had been spent by the Federal See also:government on improving this river . In 1879 an See also: