THE See also:

• INDIAN

INDIAN See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

MUTINY  , the See also:

• GREAT

great revolt of the See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal native See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in 18J7, which led to the transference of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• COMPANY

company to the See also:

• CROWN

crown in 1858 . The mediate cause of the See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Mutiny was the great disproportion between the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of See also:

• BRITISH

British and native troops in India, which gave the sepoys an exaggerated notion of their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power; its immediate causes were a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of circumstances which promoted active discontent with British See also:

• RULE

rule . During the See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century which elapsed between the victory a See also:

• PLASSEY (Palasi)

Plassey and the outbreak at See also:

• MEERUT

Meerut, the East India company relied mainly on native troops with a stiffening of Disaffec•, British soldiers—especially See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery—for the successful tfon in the conduct of its See also:

• WARS

wars . The warlike See also:

• HINDU

Hindu and Mahom- Native medan races supplied excellent fighting material, when Army . led by British See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, and the See also:

• SEPOY

sepoy army took a distinguished See also:

• PART

part in every Indian See also:

• BATTLE

battle, from See also:

• ASSAYE

Assaye to See also:

• GUJARAT

Gujarat . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• DALHOUSIE, FOX MAULE RAMSAY
• DALHOUSIE, JAMES ANDREW BROUN RAMSAY, 1ST MARQUESS

Dalhousie's See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration (1856) British India was held by some 233,000 native and some 45,000 British troops —roughly a proportion of 5 to 1 . It was already clear to some of the men who knew India best that this was a dangerous See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of things, though when the Mutiny See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out the relative numbers were 2J7,000 native to 36,000 British soldiers . It had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been a fundamental principle of Indian government that the sepoy would always be true to his See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt—knowing, as See also:

• MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY, BARON (1800-1859)

Macaulay wrote in 184o, that there was not another state in India which would not, in spite of the most See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn promises, leave him to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die of See also:

• HUNGER

hunger in a ditch as soon as he had ceased to be useful . But the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the sepoy army might have shown that this was an over-estimate of its See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1764 it was necessary to See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp out mutiny by blowing See also:

• THIRTY

thirty sepoys away from guns . In 1806 the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Tippoo See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan produced a dangerous mutiny at See also:

• VELLORE

Vellore, which was nipped in the bud by the prompt See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• GILLESPIE, GEORGE (1613-1648)
• GILLESPIE, THOMAS (1708-1774)

Gillespie and his dragoons . In 1824 the 47th Bengal See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry refused to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march when it was ordered for service in See also:

• BURMA

Burma, and after being decimated by British artillery was struck out of the army See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list .

In 1844, after the disasters of the Afghan See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war had shaken the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of British arms in India, no less than seven native regiments broke into open mutiny over grievances both real and fancied; and this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the old stern See also:

• MEASURES

measures were not adopted to stamp out military disobedience . Lord See also:

• ELLENBOROUGH, EDWARD LAW, 1ST BARON (1750-1818)
• ELLENBOROUGH, EDWARD LAW, EARL OF (1790-1871)

Ellenborough often said that a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general mutiny of the native army was the only real danger with which the British See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in India was threatened, and his warning was solemnly repeated by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier . A still more explicit warning was uttered by General See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob, who declared in 1853 that the normal state of the Bengal army was a state of mutiny, and wrote to The Times as follows: " There is more danger to our Indian empire from the state of the Bengal army, from the feeling which there exists between the native and the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European, and thence spreads throughout the length and breadth of the See also:

• LAND

land, than from all other causes combined . Let government look to this; it is a serious and most important truth." The causes which, in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century, were thus tending to See also:

• SAP

sap the long-tried fidelity of the sepoy army were partly military and partly racial . The See also:

• PRO

pro- fessional conditions of the sepoy's caree:; especially Its in Bengal, were no longer so tempting as they m had usef85s 7r . been in the first generations of the company's rule . The pay and privileges of the sepoy were steadily being diminished, and the increased demands made on the army by the great See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the company's territory were by no means grateful to the See also:

• AVERAGE

average Bengal sepoy . Owing"to the silladar See also:

• SYSTEM

system, under which the Indian See also:

• SOWAR (Hind. and Pers. suwar, a horseman)

sowar provided his own See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and provender Shish System . in return for a monthly wage, the Indian See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry were almost to a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, and therefore favoured any See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to upset the existing regime, and with it to wipe out the moneylender and his books; and the general enlistment See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order passed in See also:

• JULY

July 1856, for the purposes of the war in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, made the Hindu sepoys afraid of losing See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste by See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The Indian government failed to take sufficient See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the social and religious feelings of their native soldiers, whilst a rigid insistence on the principle of seniority had greatly diminished the efficiency of the British regimental officers . Out of 73 mutinous regiments, only four colonels were found worthy of other commands . At the same time, there were deeper reasons for discontent with British rule, which specially affected the classes from which the Bengal sepoys were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn .

See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Chief among these was Dalhousie's policy of See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation, which brought under British dominion such small states as See also:

• SATARA

Satara, See also:

• NAGPUR

Nagpur and See also:

• JHANSI

Jhansi, and finally the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Oudh . The insistence on the right of See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse, i.e. the refusal to allow an adopted son to inherit a native See also:

• THRONE

throne, and the See also:

• THREAT

threat of annexation on purely humanitarian grounds seriously alarmed the native princes of India, besides creating a class of malcontents, among whom the Nana See also:

• SAHIB

Sahib, the adopted See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir of the See also:

• PESHWA (Persian for " leader," " guide ")

peshwa, made himself most infamous . The annexation of Oudh, which was the chief recruiting ground of the Bengal army, probably caused wider disaffection in the ranks of that army than any other See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act or omission of the government . There can also be little doubt that the social reforms of Lord Dalhousie and his predecessors had disturbed men's minds in Bengal . Thus the Brahmans were offended at the See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of See also:

• SUTTEE (an English corruption of Sanskrit sail, " good woman " or true " wife ")

suttee and See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• INFANTICIDE

infanticide, the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of Brahmans for See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital offences, the re-See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of widows, the spread of missionary effort and the extension of Western See also:

• EDUCATION

education . The See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan zemindars were injured by the reassessment of the land See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, which was carried through in the interests of the ryots, and the power of the zemindars was formidable, while that of the ryots was negligible; though it must be remembered that the peasantry as a whole gave no assistance to the mutineers . To all these causes must be added—not least important in dealing with orientals—the widespread feeling since the Afghan disaster that the See also:

• STAR

star of the company was in the descendant, and that there was truth in the old prophecy that the British would rule in India for a See also:

• BARE

bare century from Plassey (1757) . See also:

• BAZAAR (Pers. bazar, market)

Bazaar rumours of British reverses in the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea and in Persia in-creased the temptations for a general rising against the dominant See also:

• RACE

race . To this See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of inflammatory materials a spark was put in 1857 by an act of almost incredible folly on the part of the military authorities in India . The introduction The of the See also:

• RIFLE

rifle, with its greased cartridges, was greased cartridges, accompanied by no See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the religious preju- dices of the Bengal sepoys, to whom, whether See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus or Mahommedans, the See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat of cows and pigs was See also:

• ANATHEMA (from Gr. avarz6 'cu, to lift up)

anathema . It was easy for See also:

• AGITATORS, or ADJUTATORS

agitators to persuade the sepoys that the new cartridges were greased with the fat of animals sacred to one creed or forbidden to another, and that the British government was thus engaged in a deep-laid See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot for forcing them to become Christians by first making them outcasts from their own religions . The growth of missionary enterprise in India See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour to this theory, which was supported by the fact that no precautions had been taken to grease the Indian cartridges with a neutral fat, such as that of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and goats .

The researches of Mr G . W . See also:

• FORREST, EDWIN (1806-1872)
• FORREST, NATHAN BEDFORD (1821—187.7)
• FORREST, SIR JOHN (1847- )

Forrest in the Indian government records have shown that the sepoys' fears of defilement by biting the new cartridges had a considerable See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in fact . At a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial in 1857 See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• ABBOTT
• ABBOTT, EMMA (1849-1891)
• ABBOTT, JACOB (1803-1879)
• ABBOTT, JOHN STEVENS CABOT (1805-1877)
• ABBOTT, LYMAN (1835- )

Abbott, inspector general of See also:

• ORDNANCE (a syncopated form of " ordinance " or " ordonnance," so spelt in this sense since the 17th century)

ordnance, gave See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that " the See also:

• TALLOW (M.E. talugh, talg, cf. Du. talk, L. Ger. talg ; the connexion with O.E. taelg, dye, or Goth, tulgus, firm, is doubtful)

tallow might or might not have contained the fat of cows." No attempt, in fact, had been made to exclude the fat of cows and pigs, and apparehtly no one had realized that a See also:

• GROSS

gross See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage was thus being perpetrated on the religious feelings of both Hindu and Mahommedan sepoys . The See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low- caste natives employed in the arsenals knew what grease was actually being employed, and taunted the See also:

• BRAHMAN

Brahman sepoys with the loss of caste that would follow their use of the new cartridges . Refusals to accept the suspected cartridges were soon heard in the Bengal army . The numerous agitators who had their own reasons for fomenting mutiny See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to the occasion, and in the first months of 1857 the greater part of the Bengal See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency was seething with See also:

• SEDITION (Lat. se or sed, apart, and ire, to go, a going apart, dissension)

sedition . At this time took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the mysterious See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of chapatis, small cakes of unleavened See also:

• BREAD

bread, which had previously been known in connexion with the mutiny at Vellore (18o6) . "From See also:

• VILLAGE

village to village, from See also:

• DISTRICT

district to district, through See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-land and See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland, the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal—unexplained at the time, inexplicable still—sped; and in village after village, in district after district, the spreading of the signal was followed by the increased excitement of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people." The first signs of the approaching trouble were displayed at the great military station of See also:

• BARRACKPUR

Barrackpur, 16 m. from See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta, in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1857 . The minds of the native regiments quartered there were maddened by rumours of the defilement which the new Mini' cartridges would See also:

• ENTAIL (from Fr. tailler, to cut; the old derivation from tales haeredes is now abandoned)

entail upon them, and incendiary fires broke out in the lines . The trouble was allayed by the tact of General Hearsey, who reported the incident to the Indian government on the 24th of January . A fortnight later he wrote, as the result of his inquiries, " We have at Barrackpur been dwelling upon a mine ready for See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion." At See also:

• BERHAMPUR

Berhampur, See also:

• IOO

ioo m. to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, on the 27th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February, the 19th Bengal infantry refused on See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade to take their percussion caps, on the ground that to bite the new cartridges would See also:

• DEFILE

defile them .

The See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any European troops made it impossible to See also:

• DEAL

deal with this act of mutiny on the spot . The defaulting See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment was marched down to Barrackpur for See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment . On the 29th of March, two days before its arrival, a sepoy named Manghal Pandi, from whom the mutineers afterwards came to be spoken of as " Pandies," drunk with See also:

• BHANG

bhang and See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, attempted to provoke a mutiny in the 34th Bengal infantry, and shot the See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant, but Hearsey's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal courage suppressed the danger . Two days later the 19th were publicly disbanded, but no further punishment was attempted . This was partly due to Lord See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

Canning's personal inclination to See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice with See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy, but partly also to the fact that there was no adequate European force at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand to execute a severer See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence.' Bengal had been recklessly depleted of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white troops, and there was only one European regiment between Calcutta and See also:

• DINAPUR

Dinapur, a distance of 400 M . Canning sent at once for more British troops from Burma . Meantime new accounts of refusals to use even the old cartridges came from distant parts of Hindostan, from See also:

• UMBALLA

Umballa under the very eyes of . See also:

• ANSON, GEORGE ANSON, BARON (1697-1762)

Anson, the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-chief, and from See also:

• LUCKNOW

Lucknow, the capital of the newly annexed kingdom of Oudh . Lord Canning, the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general, who had at first hoped that he had only to deal with isolated cases of disaffection, at last recognized that the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague was epidemic, and that only stern measures could stay it . But before he could take the necessary steps, there reached Calcutta the See also:

• NEWS

news of the outbreak at Meerut and the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi . Meerut, 25 M. from Delhi, was an important military station, under the command of Colonel Archdale See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson: the district was commanded by General See also:

• HEWITT, ABRAM STEVENS (1822-1903)

Hewitt, one of the old and inefficient officers whom the rigid system of seniority had placed in so many high commands . At Meerut were quartered, besides one regiment of native cavalry and two of native infantry, a strong force of British troops, horse, See also:

• FOOT

foot and guns .

Nevertheless, 85 men of the native cavalry regiment, driven to despair by the persistent rumours of the danger to their caste, refused on the 24th of See also:

• APRIL

April to accept their cartridges . For this offence they were condemned to ten years' imprisonment with hard labour on the roads, and on the 9th of May they were publicly stripped of their See also:

• UNIFORMS

uniforms and marched off to See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol . The next See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was a See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday; and in the evening, whilst the British troops were parading for See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, the native cavalry armed themselves, galloped to the gaol and released their comrades . Almost simultaneously the two infantry regiments shot down their officers and broke into open revclt . The badmashes, or criminal class, broke forth from their See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter and began to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn and The out-break at Meerut . See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder the dwellings of the British . A few of the mutineers took part in this See also:

• WORK

work; but the great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of them, fearing the vengeance of the British troops, hastened to move off, rather a See also:

• MOB

mob than an army, upon the Delhi road . There is a general agreement that if a man like Gillespie or See also:

• NICHOLSON, HENRY ALLEYNE (1844-1899)
• NICHOLSON, JOHN (1822-18J7)
• NICHOLSON, WILLIAM (1753-1815)
• NICHOLSON, WILLIAM (1784-1844)

Nicholson had been in command of the station, the strong force at his disposal would have enabled him to strike such a deadly See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow at the fleeing mutineers as might have stamped out the Mutiny . But Hewitt was too old and Wilson was lacking in initiative; the opportunity was lost, and no attempt was made to do more than clear the cantonments . So many of the chief actors in the Mutiny on the native See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side carried their secrets into dishonoured See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves that it is impossible to know exactly what schemes the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Delhi had concerted with the disaffected sepoys . But when the mutineers reached Delhi they were at once joined by the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city mob and the king's See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards in proclaiming a revival of the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul empire . For a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours the native troops of the British See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison awaited the turn of events; but when it became apparent that the British troops from Meerut were afraid to move, there was a general See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame of revolt, and Delhi at once became the headquarters of the Mutiny .

Most of the British officers and residents were massacred then or afterwards . The great See also:

• MAGAZINE

magazine was gallantly defended for a time by nine Britons under See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant See also:

• WILLOUGHBY

Willoughby, and was blown up by them when all See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of See also:

• RELIEF

relief had vanished . A See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph clerk sent the news to Umballa, continuing to signal until he was cut down at his See also:

• POST

post . Before the authorities in Calcutta and See also:

• LAHORE

Lahore could take any steps to deal with the long-prophesied danger, the whole of the North-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Provinces were in revolt . Fortunately the two men on whom the chief responsibility See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in this great crisis were equal to their task . Canning in Calcutta, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence in the See also:

• PUNJAB

Punjab, were men indeed equal to any See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden; and the stress of the Mutiny, ending once and forever the See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad old system of seniority, brought to the front so many subordinates of dauntless gallantry and soldierly insight that a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel was rapidly drawn See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the vast territory affected . Lawrence saw that the surest way to prevent the Mutiny from spreading from the sepoy army of Bengal to the recently conquered fighting races of the Punjab was to hurl the See also:

• SIKH

Sikh at the Hindu; instead of taking measures for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the Punjab, he acted on the old principle that the best defence is attack, and promptly organized a force for the reduction of Delhi, with the ardent co-operation of See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born leaders like John Nicholson, See also:

• NEVILLE, GEORGE (c. 1432-1476)
• NEVILLE, or NEVILL
• NEVILLE, RALPH (d. 1244)

Neville See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

Chamberlain and 'See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• EDWARDES, SIR HERBERT BENJAMIN (1819-1868)

Edwardes . Anson, the commander-in-chief, died of See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera before he had had a See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance to act on Lawrence's telegram, " Clubs, not spades, are trumps." He was succeeded by Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• BARNARD, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS PORTER (1809–1889)
• BARNARD, GEORGE GREY (1863— )
• BARNARD, HENRY (1811-1900)
• BARNARD, JOHN
• BARNARD, LADY ANNE (1750–1825)

Barnard in command of the Delhi See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field force, then amounting to about 3000 British troops with 22 field guns, in addition to a few Gurkhas and Punjab native troops . The loyalty of the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent Sikh chiefs, headed by See also:

• PATIALA, or PUTTIALA

Patiala, and the stern measures which had been taken with the sepoy regiments enabled Lawrence to reinforce this little army with every available man and See also:

• GUN

gun from the Punjab, in addition to Sikh and See also:

• PATHAN

Pathan levies . It was to the insight of Lawrence and the splendid organization of the Punjab See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province—the spoilt See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of the Indian government, as it had been called in allusion to the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of sending thither the best of the Indian officials and soldiers—that the reduction of Delhi and the See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of the outbreak were due . Meantime Canning was manfully playing his part at Calcutta . In the See also:

• HOUR

hour of danger he was undismayed, as in the hour of victory he was just and merciful .

He telegraphed for reliefs from every available quarter, fortunately being able to divert the troops then on their way to See also:

• CHINA

China . The native armies of Bombay and See also:

• MADRAS

Madras remained loyal, and the former in particular—thanks to Lord See also:

• ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART (1779-1859)
• ELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM (1431-1514)

Elphinstone—furnished valuable reinforcements . Sir See also:

• COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612)

Colin See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell, a See also:

• VETERAN

veteran soldier whose laurels had been won in many battles from the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula to the Crimea, was despatched from See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to take command of the army in India . But even before he could arrive, the out-spread of the Mutiny had already been checked by the gallantry and skill of a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere handful of Britons and their faithful native See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies . Canning and Lawrence, at opposite ends of the disaffected districts, alike perceived that Delhi was the centre of peril, and that all other considerations must be subordinated to striking a decisive blow at that historic city . Both The See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

Siege of flung to the winds the European rules of warfare, Delhi. which highly trained officers like Wilson had allowed to hamper their movements . " Make as See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short work as possible of the rebels," wrote Canning . " Where have we failed when we acted vigorously?" asked Lawrence . Though the nominal commanders of the army which captured Delhi were in turn Barnard, See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

Reed and Wilson, the policy thus stated by Canning and Lawrence was really carried out by their subordinates—See also:

• BAIRD, HENRY MARTYN (1832—1906)
• BAIRD, JAMES (1802—1876)
• BAIRD, SIR DAVID (1757—1829)
• BAIRD, SPENCER FULLERTON (1823--1887)

Baird See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Nicholson and Chamberlain . The Meerut troops, at last roused from their inaction, joined Barnard on the 7th of See also:

• JUNE

June, after a successful affair with the mutineers, and the next day the action of Badli-ki-Serai enabled the British force to occupy the famous See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

Ridge, which they never abandoned till the final See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault . At first the British troops, outnumbered by more than three to one by the mutinous regiments alone, were rather besieged than besiegers . Baird Smith indeed urged an immediate assault upon Delhi, on the ground that audacity is the best policy in Indian warfare; but it was not until the arrival of Nicholson on the 7th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August with the last Punjab reinforcements that the force was strong enough, in the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of its commander, to take offensive action .

On the 14th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, after three days of artillery preparation, the assault was delivered, under Nicholson's leadership . Two practicable breaches had been made by the siege guns, and a party of See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers under See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home and Salkeld blew in the See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir See also:

• GATE

gate . The assault was successful, in so far as a See also:

• FIRM

firm lodgment was made in the city, though the loss of Nicholson was a heavy See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price to pay for this success . Wilson actually thought of retreating; but Baird Smith and Chamberlain insisted on perseverance, and the city was captured after six days' hard fighting . The mutineers were completely cowed; the king of Delhi was taken and reserved for trial; and his sons were shot by Catain See also:

• HODSON, WILLIAM STEPHEN RAIKES (1821-1858)

Hodson, after unconditional surrender, an act which has since been the theme of much reprobation, but which commended itself at the time to Hodson's comrades as See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and justifiable . The siege of Delhi, which was the turning-point of the Mutiny, had lasted for more than three months, during which thirty See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor actions had been fought in the almost intolerable See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the Indian midsummer . The stern determination of the British troops, which alone made possible the reduction of Delhi with so inadequate a force, was intensified, if possible, by the ghastly See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of See also:

• CAWNPORE, or KANPUR

Cawnpore . That important military station, lying The Z See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass-~ See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre on the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges on the confines of Oudh, was under cawnpore. the command of Sir See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• WHEELER, JOSEPH (1836-1906)
• WHEELER, WILLIAM ALMON (1819-1887)

Wheeler, an old but still efficient and experienced officer . It was garrisoned by about 3000 native troops, with a mere handful of white soldiers . When the news of the Meerut outbreak reached Wheeler, who had already noted many symptoms of disaffection in his own station, he was placed in a very difficult position . Under his care was a large See also:

• BODY

body of non-combatants—See also:

• WOMEN

women and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in great numbers among them . To occupy the one defensible position in the station, the magazine by the See also:

• RIVER

river with its vast military stores and its substantial See also:

• MASONRY

masonry walls, would have involved steps which Wheeler regarded as certain to precipitate an out: break .

It was then thought that, if the sepoys mutinied, they would march off to Delhi, and Wheeler contented himself by throwing up a See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude entrenchment round the See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, where he thought that the Europeans would be safe during the first tumult of a rising . All might have fallen out as he anticipated, had it not been that the Nana Sahib, the adopted heir of the See also:

• LATE

late peshwa, was rajah of