See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

INDUCTION (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. inducere, to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)  , in See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, the See also:

• TERM

term applied to the See also:

• PROCESS

process of discovering principles by the observation and See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of particular instances . See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, who did so much to establish the See also:

• LAWS

laws of deductive reasoning, neglected See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction, which he identified with a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete enumeration of facts; and the schoolmen were wholly concerned with syllogistic logic . A new era opens with See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, whose writings all preach the principle of investigating the laws of nature with the purpose of improving the conditions of human See also:

• LIFE

life . Unluckily his mind was still enslaved by the formulae of the quasi-See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical scholastic logic . He supposed that natural laws would disclose themselves by the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation and due arrangement of instances without any need for See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation on the See also:

• PART

part of the investigator . In his Novum Organum there are directions for See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up the various kinds of lists of instances . For two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years after Bacon's See also:

• DEATH

death little was done towards the theory of induction; the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason being, probably, that the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical scientists knew no logic, while the university logicians, with their conservative devotion to the See also:

• SYLLOGISM (Gr. ovAAoytvµos, from en', and Xb-yor, an argument resulting from combination, i.e. of premises)

syllogism, knew no See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . See also:

• WHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794-1866)

Whewell's See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (184o), the See also:

• WORK

work of a thoroughly equipped scientist, if not of a See also:

• GREAT

great philosopher, shows due appreciation of the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal point neglected by Bacon, the See also:

• FUNCTION

function of theorizing in inductive See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . He saw that science advances only in so far as the mind of the inquirer is able to suggest organizing ideas whereby our observations and experiments are colligated into intelligible See also:

• SYSTEM

system . In this respect J . S . See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill is inferior to Whewell: throughout his System of Logic (1843) he ignores the constitutive work of the mind, and regards knowledge as the merely passive reception of sensuous impressions .

His work was intended mainly to reduce the See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure of induction to a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• DEMONSTRATIVE

demonstrative system like that of the syllogism; and it was for this purpose that he formulated his famous Four Methods of Experimental Inquiry . His work has contributed greatly to the systematic treatment of induction . But it must be remarked that his Four Methods are not methods of formal See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof, as their author supposed, but methods whereby hypotheses are suggested or tested . The .actual proof of an See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis is never formal, but always lies in the tests of experiment or observation to which it is subjected . The current theory of induction as set forth in the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• WORKS

works is so far satisfactory that it combines the merit of Whewell's treatment with that of Mill's; and yet it is See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain that there is much for the logician of the future to accomplish . The most important See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty in scientific inquiry is the faculty of suggesting new and valuable hypotheses . But no one has ever given any explanation how the hypotheses arise in the mind: we attribute it to " See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius," which, of course, is no explanation at all . The logic of See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, in the higher sense of the term, simply has no existence . Another important but neglected See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the subject is the relation of scientific induction to the inductions of everyday life . There are some who think that a study of this relation would quite transform the accepted view of induction . Consider such a piece of reasoning as may be heard any See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, a detective who explains how in his See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion a certain See also:

• BURGLARY (burgi latrocinium; in ancient English law, hamesucken2)

burglary was effected . If all reasoning is either deductive or inductive, this must be induction .

And yet it does not See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to the accepted See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of induction, " the process of discovering a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general principle by observation of particular instances ": what the detective does is to reconstruct a particular See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime; he evolves no general principle . Such reasoning is used by every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in every See also:

• HOUR

hour of his life: by it we understand what See also:

• PEOPLE

people are doing around us, and what is the meaning of the sense-impressions which we receive . In the logic of the future it will probably be recognized that scientific induction is only one See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of this universal constructive or reconstructive faculty . Another most important question closely akin to that just mentioned is the true relation between these reasoning processes and our general life as active intelligent beings . How is it that the detective is able to understand the burglar's See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of See also:

• ACTION

action?—the military See also:

• COMMANDER

commander to forecast the enemy's plan of See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign ? Primarily, because he himself is capable of making such plans . Men as active creatures co-operating with their See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-men are incessantly engaged in forming plans and in apprehending the plans of those around them . Every plan may be viewed as a form of induction; it is a See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme invented to meet a given situation, an hypothesis which is put to the test of events, and is verified or refuted by practical success or failure . Such considerations widen still farther our view of scientific induction and help us to understandits relation to See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary human thought and activity . The scientific investigator in his inductive See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage is endeavouring to make out the plan on which his material is constructed . The phenomena serve as indications to help him in framing his hypothesis, generally a guess at first, which he proceeds to verify by experiment and the collection of additional facts . In the deductive stage he assumes that he has made out the plan and can apply it to the discovery of further detail .

He has the capacity of detecting plans in nature because he is wont to form plans for practical purposes . There are See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• RECENT

recent accounts of induction in Welton's See also:

• MANUAL

Manual of Logic, ii., in H . W . B . See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's Introduction to Logic, and in W . R . See also:

• BOYCE, WILLIAM (1710-1779)

Boyce See also:

• GIBSON, CHARLES DANA (1867- )
• GIBSON, EDMUND (1669-1748)
• GIBSON, JOHN (1790-1866)
• GIBSON, THOMAS MILNER (1806-1884)
• GIBSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1850-1896)

Gibson's Problem of Logic; see also See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

Lock . (H .