INDUSTRIES  . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—About 70 % of the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway is barren, and about 21 % is See also:

• FOREST

forest See also:

• LAND

land, but the small agricultural area employs, directly or indirectly, about 40 % of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . The See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the peasantry are freeholders . Legislation has provided for the retention of landed See also:

• PROPERTY

property by families to which it has belonged for any considerable See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period—thus, under certain conditions, a See also:

• FAMILY

family which has parted with land can reacquire it at an appraisement—or land alienated by its owner may on his See also:

• DEATH

death be acquired by his next of See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief crops are oats See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, potatoes,mangcorn (a mixed See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of oats and barley), See also:

• RYE

rye and See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, the last being little cultivated . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep are kept in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . Farmers commonly hold upland summer pastures together with their See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland farms, and in the open See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season frequently occupy a sceter (upland farmstead) and devote themselves to See also:

• DAIRY

dairy See also:

• WORK

work . See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian horses are small and thick-set, and remarkably sure-footed . In the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north large herds of See also:

• REINDEER

reindeer are kept by Lapps . There is an agricultural See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college and See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model See also:

• FARM

farm at Aas near See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania . Forestry.—Forest industries are confined chiefly to the S.E. and to the See also:

• TRONDHJEM, or THRONDHJEM (sometimes written in the German form Drontheim)

Trondhjem-Namsen See also:

• DISTRICT

district . Lumbering is an important See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry .

Forestry is controlled by the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agriculture, and its higher branches are taught at the Aas college . See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries.—The See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea fisheries are of high economic importance . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal are the See also:

• COD

cod fisheries . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March and See also:

• APRIL

April the cod shoal on the coastal See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks for the purpose of spawning, and this gives rise to the well-known See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery for which the Lofoten Islands are the principal See also:

• BASE

base . In April and May shoals of capelan appear off Finmarken, followed by cod and other See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, small whales, &c., which See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey upon them; this affords a second fishery . For See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring there is a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring fishery off See also:

• STAVANGER

Stavanger and See also:

• HAUGESUND

Haugesund, and one in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November and See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December off Nordland . See also:

• MACKEREL

Mackerel fisheries are important from Trondhjem See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

Fjord S. to the See also:

• SKAGERRACK

Skagerrack . See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

Salmon and sea-See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout fisheries are important in the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and still more off the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Fishermen from See also:

• TONSBERG

Tonsberg, See also:

• TROMSO

Tromso, See also:

• HAMMERFEST

Hammerfest, Vard6, Vadso, &c., work with the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

arctic fisheries, sealing, whaling, &c., from See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green-land to See also:

• SPITSBERGEN (the name being Dutch is incorrectly, though commonly, spelled Spitzbergen)

Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya . A fishery See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board at See also:

• BERGEN

Bergen administers the Norwegian fisheries . The See also:

• ANNUAL

annual value of the coast fisheries ranges from £I,000,000 to £5,500,000 . See also:

• MINING

Mining.—Norway is not See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in minerals .

See also:

• COAL

Coal occurs only on Ando, an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in Vesteraalen . See also:

• SILVER

Silver is See also:

• MINED

mined at See also:

• KONGSBERG

Kongsberg; See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper at Roros, See also:

• SULITELMA

Sulitelma, and Aamdal in Telemarken; See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron at Klodeberg near See also:

• ARENDAL

Arendal and in the See also:

• DUNDERLANDSDAL

Dunderlandsdal (See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) . See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

Granite is quarried near See also:

• FREDRIKSTAD (FREDERIKSTAD)

Fredrikstad, . See also:

• FREDRIKSHALD (FREDERIKSHALD, FRIEDRICHSHALL)

Fredrikshald and See also:

• SARPSBORG

Sarpsborg, and exported as paving setts and kerb-stones, mostly to Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble is found near Fredrikshald, and also in the Salten and Ranen districts . Manufacturing Industries.—The most important are. See also:

• WORKS

works connected with the See also:

• TIMBER

timber See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, foundries and See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering shops, See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning and See also:

• WEAVING

weaving See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile works, breweries, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-mills, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco factories, flow-mills, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass works, and See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

potteries, See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail works, See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards, rope works, factories for preserved See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food (especially fish). See also:

• MARGARINE

margarine, matches, fish See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano, boots, and See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery, distilleries and tanneries . The chief See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial centres are Christiania, Bergen, Fredrikstad and Sarpsborg, See also:

• DRAMMEN

Drammen, See also:

• SKIEN

Skien and Porsgrund, Trondhjem, Fredrikshald and Stavanger . Large See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is available in many districts . A powerful impulse was given to industrial enterprise by the non-renewal of the customs treaty with See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden in 1897, which established a protective systerr against that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . See also:

• SHIPPING

Shipping and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—The Norwegians, in proportion to their numbers, are the first nation in the See also:

• WORLD

world in the See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile marine industry . Actually their mercantile marine is only exceeded by those of Great Britain, Germany and the See also:

• UNITED

United States . From 185o to 188o the See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage increased from 289,000 to more than 1,500,000 .

The tonnage now exceeds the latter figure, but See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam has greatly increased the carrying power . In 188o Norwegian steam vessels had a tonnage of about 52,000; they now exceed 6 o,000 tons . The annual value of imports is about £16,500,000, and of exports about £Io,000,000 . The growth of both may be judged from periodic averages 1851–1855 . 1866–187o . 1886–1890 . Imports £2,800,000 £5,600,000 £9,200,000 Exports 2,400,000 3,000,000 6,600,000 Great Britain and Germany are the countries principally trading with Norway . Great Britain takes about 40% (by value) of Norwegian exports, and sends about 26 % of the total imports into Norway; Germany takes 14% of the exports, and sends 28% of the imports . The chief articles of export are timber, wooden wares and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood pulp, principally to Great Britain, and fish products, principally to Germany, Sweden and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . These make 65 % of the exports—others of importance are paper, See also:

• SHIPS

ships, See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and nails . Of the imports about 58%. by value are for See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption, 42 % material for See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . Among the first are cereals (principally from See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia), groceries (from Germany), and clothing (from Germany and Great Britain) .

Among the second are coal (chiefly from Great Britain), hides and skins, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, oil and machinery, steamships, and See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal goods (from Great Britain, Germany and Sweden) . See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government.—Norway is an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, constitutional and hereditary See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with Sweden having been dissolved on the 7th of See also:

• JUNE

June 5905, after lasting 95 years . The constitution rests on the fundamental See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law (grundlov) promulgated at Eidsvold on the 17th of May 1814, and altered in detail at various times . The executive is vested in the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, who comes of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age at eighteen . His authority is exercised through, and responsibility for his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official acts rests with, a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state consisting of a See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister and councillors, who are the heads of See also:

• FINANCE

finance, public accounts, See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and See also:

• EDUCATION

education, See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, public works, agriculture, commerce, See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation and industry and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs . The king appoints these councillors and high officials generally in the state, church, See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, See also:

• NAVY

navy, &c . He can issue provisional ordinances pending a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, can declare See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (if a war of offence, only with the consent of parliament) and conclude See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and has supreme command of the army and navy . The legislative See also:

• BODY

body is the parliament (storthing), the members of which are elected directly by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people divided into electoral divisions, each returning one member . Until the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of 1906 the members were chosen by See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors nominated by the voters . Elections take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place every three years . The See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise is extended to every Norwegian male who has passed his twenty-fifth See also:

• YEAR

year, has resided five years in the country, and fulfils the legal conditions of citizenship . Under the same conditions, and if they or their husbands have paid taxes for the past year, the franchise is extended to See also:

• WOMEN

women under a measure adopted by the Storthing in June 1907 .

Members of parliament must possess the franchise in their See also:

• CONSTITUENCY (from " constituent," that which forms a necessary part of a thing; Lat. constituere, to create)

constituency, and must have resided ten years in the country; their age must not be less than See also:

• THIRTY

thirty . The Storthing meets at Christiania, normally for two months in each year; it must receive royal assent to the prolongation of a session . After the opening of parliament the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly divides itself into two sections, the upper (lagthing) consisting of one-See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the total number of members, and the See also:

• LOWER

lower (odelsthing) of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder . Every See also:

• BILL

bill must be introduced in the Odelsthing; if passed there it is sent to the Lagthing, and if carried there also the royal assent gives it the force of law . If a measure is twice passed by the Odelsthing and rejected by the Lagthing, it is decided by a majority of two-thirds of the combined sections . The king has a See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto, but if a measure once or twice vetoed is passed by three successive parliaments it becomes law ipso facto . This occurred when in 1899 the Norwegians insisted on removing the sign of union with Sweden from the See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag of the mercantile marine . Members of parliament are paid 13s . 4d. a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day during session and their travelling expenses . Parliament fixes See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, and has See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the members of the council of state, who are not allowed to See also:

• VOTE

vote in either See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, though they may speak . Finance, &c.—The annual See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue and See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure are each about 51 millions See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling . Considerable sums, however, have been raised by loans, principally for See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways .

These amounted, between 1900 and 1906 (the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial year ending the 31st of March) to nearly £4,500,000 . The principal See also:

• SOURCES

sources of revenue are customs, railways, See also:

• POST

post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and telegraphs, the income tax (which is graduated and not levied on incomes below moo kroner or £55, 6s . 8d.), and See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise . The principal items of expenditure are railways, defence (principally the army), the post office, See also:

• INTEREST

interest on See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, the church and education, and See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . The See also:

• BANK

Bank of Norway is a private See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-stock See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation, in which the state has large interests . It is governed by See also:

• SPECIAL

special acts of parliament, and its chief officials are publicly appointed . It alone has the right to issue notes, which are in wide circulation . The See also:

• MORTGAGE

Mortgage Bank (Norges Hypothekbank) was established by the state to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant loans on real See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate . The currency of Norway is based on a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard; but the monetary unit is the krone (See also:

• CROWN

crown), of Is. ild. value, divided into too ore . The metric See also:

• SYSTEM

system is in use . Army and Navy.—The army consists of the See also:

• LINE

line, the See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia or reserve (landvicern), and the second reserve (landstorm) . All capable men of twenty-two years of age and upwards are liable for See also:

• CONSCRIPTION (from Lat. con-, together, and scribere, to write)

conscription (except the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and pilots), and when called they serve 6 years in the line, 6 years with the reserve and 4 years with the second reserve .

In war, men are liable to service from the 18th to the 50th year of age . Only the line can be sent out of the country . The men only meet for military training from 18 to 102 days in each year . The peace See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the line is 12,000 men, with 750 See also:

• OFFICERS

officers; its war footing 26,000, or more, but may not exceed 18,000 without the authority of parliament . Of enlisted troops there are only fortress garrisons, and the Christiania See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of Norwegian See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards . The principal fortresses are Oscarsborg on Christiania Fjord, Agdenes (Trondhjem Fjord), Bergen, Tonsberg and See also:

• CHRISTIANSAND (KRISTIANSUND)

Christiansand . A number of Norwegian forts along the S . See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish frontier were dismantled under the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention with Sweden of 1905, when a neutral See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone was established on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the frontier southward from 61 ° N . The navy consists of about 1200 officers and men on permanent service; but all seafaring men between twenty-two and thirty-eight are liablefor, maritime conscription, and are put through some preliminary training . The war vessels include four battleships of 3500 to 4000 tons each, and about 16 other vessels, besides a See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo flotilla—intended for coast defence only . The chief See also:

• NAVAL

naval station is at Karljohansvmrn (See also:

• HORTEN

Horten) . Justice.—See also:

• CIVIL

Civil cases are usually brought first before a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation (forligelseskommission), from which an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal lies to the See also:

• LOCAL

local inferior courts, which are also tribunals of first instance, and are worked by See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges on See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit and assessors .

There are three See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior courts of appeal (overretter), at Christiania, Bergen and Trondhjem, and one supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court (hoiesteret) . Criminal cases are tried either in See also:

• JURY

jury courts (lagmandsret) or courts of See also:

• ASSIZE

assize (meddomsret) . The first is for more serious offences; the second deals with See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor offences and is a court of first instance . Military crimes are dealt with by a military judicial organization . Finally there is a high court of See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment (rigsret), before which members of parliament, the government, &c., are tried for misdemeanours committed in their public capacity . Local Government.—The country is divided into twenty counties (confer) (see population), the cities of Christiania and Bergen being included in these . Other towns are formed into communes, governed by representatives, from whom a council (formcend) is elected by themselves . Rural communes (herreder) are similarly administered, and their chairmen See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county council (amtsthing) for each county . At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is the amtmand, the county See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor . The electoral franchise for local council election is for men the same as the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary franchise, and, like it, is extended in a limited degree to women . See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion and Education.—The state religion, to which the king must conform, is Evangelical Lutheran . Only about 2.4% of the population are dissenters .

All See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian sects except See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits are tolerated . The king nominates the clergy of the established church . Norway is divided into six bishoprics (See also:

• STIFTER, ADALBERT (1805-1868)

stifter), Christiania, See also:

• HAMAR, or STOREHAMMER (GREAT HAMAR)

Hamar, Christiansand, Bergen, Trondhjem, Tromso; and these into deaneries (provstier), with subdivisions into clerical districts (prcestegjeld), parishes and sub-parishes . The clergy take a leading See also:

• PART

part in See also:

• PRIMARY

primary education, which, in spite of the difficulties arising in a sparsely populated country, reaches a high standard . Education is compulsory, the school-going age being from 62 to 14 years in towns and 7 to 14 years in the country . About 94% of the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of school-going age attend the primary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, which are administered by school boards in the municipalities and the counties . Teachers must belong to the established church . Their training colleges include one See also:

• FREE

free public college in each See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese . The municipalities and counties See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the cost of primary education with a state grant . There are continuation schools, evening schools, &c., and for secondary education, communal See also:

• MIDDLE

middle schools, and state gymnasier . There is a state-aided university at Christiania . Brwndevinsbolagene i Norge," in Nordisk Tidskrift (1891) .

(O . J . R . H.) See also:

• HISTORY

History . Early History.—Archaeological and See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological researches have revealed a fishing and See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting population in Norway, possibly as far back as c . 6000 B.C . Until lately this aboriginal people, which was certainly non-See also:

• ARYAN

Aryan, was held to be Lappish, but See also:

• RECENT

recent investigations seem to show that the Lapps only entered Norway about A.D . 900-1000, and that the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original population was probably of Finnish See also:

• RACE

race, though only distantly allied to the Ugro-Finns now inhabiting See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland . To them belong perhaps certain non-Aryan names for natural features of the country, such as Toten, Vefsen, Bukn . The See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration of a See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is far from certain . It did not extend N. beyond the Trondhjem district until about the beginning of our era, but there can be i eut8 is little doubt that the immigrants' advance was ex-See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion. tremely slow, and it is suggested, on the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology, that the Teutonic element entered S . Norway towards the end of the (Scandinavian) later Stone age, C .

1700 B.C . (see SCANDINAVIAN See also:

• CIVILIZATION

CIVILIZATION) . But what-ever were the stages of the See also:

• PROCESS

process, the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the older race was superseded by Teutonic, and those See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines who were not incorporated (probably most often as slaves) were driven into the mountains or the islands that fringe the coast . In the high-lands the " Finns " maintained some See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence down to See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical times . The old See also:

• ENGLISH

English poem See also:

• BEOWULF

Beowulf mentions a " Finnaland " which should perhaps be located in S . Norway in about the 6th century, and later on the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• LAWS

laws of this region forbid the practice of visiting the'" Finns " to obtain knowledge of the future . But only in Finmark, which even in the 13th century stretched far into Sweden and included the Norwegian district of Tromso, could the earlier inhabitants live their old See also:

• LIFE

life, and here they finally See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the utmost want and misery . Their existence is mentioned as a thing of the past by a North Trondhjem writer in 1688 . The new Teutonic element of population seems to have flowed into Norway from two centres; one western, probably from See also:

• JUTLAND (Danish Jylland)

Jutland, the other eastern, from the W. coast of Sweden . The western stream covered Agder, Rogaland and Hordaland (the See also:

• MODERN

modern districts of Christiansand and Sondre Bergenhus), and finally extended N. as far as Sondmore, while the eastern stream flowed across Romerike and Hadeland through the Dales to the Trondhjem district, where it divided, one stream flowing down the W. coast till it met the western settlements, another penetrating N. into Haalogaland (which included the modern See also:

• NORD

Nord-land as well as Helgeland), and a third E. into the N . Swedish districts of Jamtland and Helsingland . The bodies of immigrants were no doubt more or less independent, and each was probably under a king .

It is probable that the Horder, who gave their name to Hordaland and Hardanger, were a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Harudes whom See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy in the 2nd century mentions as living in Jutland; where their name remains in the See also:

• PRESENT

present Hardesyssel . The Ryger, who gave their name to Rogaland, and the modern Ryfylke, are probably akin to the Rugii, an E . Germanic tribe at one time settled in N.E . See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania, where we have a See also:

• REMINISCENCE (from Lat. reminisci, to remember)

reminiscence of their name in Rugenwalde . The first mention of any tribe settled in Norway is by Ptolemy, who speaks of the Chaidenoi or Heiner, inhabiting the W. of his island Scandia . The system of See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in Norway appears to have been different from that adopted by the same race in other lands . In See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, for instance, a See also:

• GROUP

group of as many as twenty settlers held land more or less in See also:

• COMMON

common, but this system, which demanded that a considerable extent of land should be readily accessible, was not feasible in the greater part of Norway, and except in one or two flatter districts each farm was owned, or at least worked, by a single family . When history first sheds a faint See also:

• LIGHT

light over Norway we find each small district or " fylke " (Old Norse fylkir, from folk, army) I arly settled under its own king, and about twenty-nine kingship. fylker in the country . At times a king would win an overlordship over the neighbouring tribes, but the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the country hindered permanent assimilation . The king always possessed a See also:

• BIRD

bird, or See also:

• COMPANY

company of warriors sworn to his service, and indeed royal See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of such a bird, and not land or subjects, were the essential attributes of a king There was no law of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture, and on the deathof a king some of his heirs would take their See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the patri. mony in valuables, gather a hird, and spend their lives in warlike expeditions (see VIKINGS), while one would See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle down and become king of the fylke . There are indications that these conditions were fostered by a matriarchal system, and that it would often occur that a wandering king would marry the daughter of a fylkes-king and become his See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir . Probably the king's power was only See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute over his own hird .

He was certainly See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-chief and perhaps chief See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest of the fylke, but the administrative power was chiefly in the hands of the herser and possibly of an See also:

• EARL

earl . The position of earls is vague, but it is noticeable that both those of whom we hear in See also:

• HARALD

Harald Haarfager's time take the opposite side to their king . The herser (Old Norse hersir), of whom there were several in each fylke, united high birth with See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• POLITICAL

political power, and with the holder, the class of privileged hereditary landowners from which they sprang, formed an See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy of which there seems little trace in the other Scandinavian countries at this period . Its rise in Norway is perhaps due to the fact that the nature of the country, as well as the individualistic system of settlement, See also:

• LEFT

left more See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for inequalities of wealth than in Denmark or Sweden . Once a family had become wealthy enough to See also:

• FIT

fit out See also:

• VIKING

Viking ships, it must have added wealth to wealth, besides enormously raising its See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige . The lands of almost all the most powerful families were on islands, whence it was easy to set forth on roving expeditions . The family property of the earls of Lade, for instance, whose representative in the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 9th century was the most powerful See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of the district, was on the island of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero . These islands had been the See also:

• REFUGE

refuge of the aborigines, and it is possible that, as A . See also:

• HANSEN, PETER ANDREAS (1795-1874)

Hansen has suggested, the rise of the aristocracy depends here, as elsewhere, on a subject population . Among the proper names of thralls in a poem in the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder See also:

• EDDA

Edda are several which can only be explained on the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis that they are Finnish, e.g . Klums, Lasmer, Drumba . Harald Haarfager's See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree concerning " those who clear forests and See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, fishermen and hunters " probably refers to the Finns as a class apart .

There can be no doubt that, in Haalogaland for instance, the aristocracy gained its wealth not only from the See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute extorted from the Finns in Finmark, but also from slave labour . The eight Trondhjem fylker had a common Thing or assembly very early, but these districts were remote, while the wealthy western districts were too much cut off from each other to unite effectively, though here also a common Thing was early established . The first successful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at unification originated See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Vestfold, the modern Jarlsberg and See also:

• LAURVIK, LARVIK

Laurvik Amt on the Christiania fjord . Here also there was a certain degree of union very early, and it is possible that See also:

• NATIONAL

national feeling was fostered by proximity to the Danish and Swedish kingdoms . The district was thickly populated, and a centre of commerce . Tradition made the royal family a branch of the great Yngling See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty of See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala, which claimed descent from the See also:

• GOD

god See also:

• FREY (Old Norse, Freyr)

Frey . Through several generations this family, had extended its See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom by See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest and See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance, and by the end of the reign of Halfdan the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black, it included the greater part of Hamar and Oslo Stift, and the fylke of Sogn, the district round the modern Sognefjord . Halfdan's son, Harald Haarfager, having no See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, succeeded to the whole kingdom, and was further fortunate in that an See also:

• UNCLE

uncle helped him to maintain his rights . By 8