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See also:INFORMATION (from See also:Lat. informare, to give shape or See also:form to, to represent, describe)
, the communication of knowledge; in See also:English See also:law, a proceeding on behalf of the See also:crown against a subject otherwise than by See also:indictment
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A criminal See also:information is a proceeding in the See also: Informations in the Court of See also:Exchequer in See also:January 1907. See also:revenue cases, also filed by the attorney-general, are still resorted IN FORMA PAUPERIS (Latin, " in the See also:character of pauper "), to (see A.-G. v . See also:Williamson, 1889, 6o L.T . 930) . the legal phrase for a method of bringing or defending a case INFORMER, in a general sense, one who communicates in court on the See also:part of persons without means . By an English information . The See also:term is applied to a See also:person who prosecutes See also:statute of 1495 (11 See also:Hen . VII. c . 12), any poor person having in any of the courts of law those who break any law or penal cause of See also:action was entitled to have a See also:writ according to the nature statute . Such a person is called a See also:common informer when he of the case, without paying the fees thereon . The statute of furnishes See also:evidence on criminal trials or prosecutes for breaches 1495 was repealed by the Statute Law Revision and See also:Civil of penal See also:laws solely for the purpose of obtaining the See also:penalty See also:Procedure See also:Act 1883, but its provisions, as well as the chancery recovered, or a See also:share of it . An action by a common informer There is no routine treatment for influenza except See also:bed . In all cases bed is advisable, because of the danger of See also:lung complications, and in mild ones it is sufficient . Severer ones must be treated according to the symptoms . Quinine has been much used . See also:Modern " See also:anti-pyretic " drugs hate also been extensively employed, and when applied with discretion they may be useful, but patients are not advised to prescribe them for them-selves . See also:Sir Wm . Broadbent in a See also:note on the prophylaxis of influenza recommends quinine in a dose of two grains every morning, and remarks: " I have had opportunities of obtaining extraordinary evidence of its protective See also:power . In a large public school it was ordered to be taken every morning . Some of the boys in the school were home boarders, and it was found that while 1 57 . . .. . .. . .. 222 ,22 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 to ti 0 m o q f0 C1 m W G1 may also be filed at the instance of a private prosecutor for misdemeanours not affecting the government, but being peculiarly flagrant and pernicious . Thus criminal informations have been granted for bribing or attempting to bribe public functionaries, 1 . Opalinopsis sepiolae, Foett.: a parasitic Holotrichous mouthless Ciliate from the See also:liver of the Squid. a, branched See also:meganucleus; b, vacuoles (non-contractile) . 2 . A similar specimen treated with picrocarmine, showing a remarkably branched and See also:twisted meganucleus (a), in See also:place of several nuclei . 3 . Anoplophrya naidos, Duj.; a mouth-less Holotrichous Ciliate parasitic in the See also:worm Nais. a, the large axial meganucleus; b, contractile vacuoles . 4 . Anoplophrya proltfera, C. and L.; from the See also:intestine of Clitellio . Remark-able for the See also:adhesion of incomplete fission-products in a metameric series. a, meganucleus . 5 . Amphileptus gigas, C. and L . (See also:Gymnostomaceae). b, contractile vacuoles; c, trichocysts (see fig . 2); d, mega-See also:nucleus; e. pharynx . 6, 7 . Prorodon niveus, Ehr . (Gymnostomaceae). a, meganucleus; b, contractile vacuole; c, pharynx with horny cuticular lining . 6 . The fasciculate cuticle of the pharynx isolated . See also:INFUSORIA 557 men, they included (r) Desmids, Diatoms and Schizomycetes, now regarded as essentially Plant See also:Protista or Protophytes; (2) See also:Sarcodina (excluding See also:Foraminifera, as well as See also:Radiolaria, which were only as yet known by their skeletons, and termed Polycystina), and (3) Rotifers, as well as (4) Flagellates and Infusoria in our See also:present sense . F . Dujardin in his Ilistoire See also:des zoophytes (1841) gave nearly as liberal an See also:interpretation to the name; while C . T . See also:Van See also:Siebold (1845) narrowed it to its present limits See also:save for the See also:admission of several Flagellate families . O . Butschli limited the See also:group by removing the Flagel- lata, See also:Dinoflagellata and See also:Cystoflagellata (q.v.)under the name of " See also:Mastigophora " proposed earlier by R . M . Diesing (1865) . We now define it thus: —See also:Protozoa bounded by a permanent plasmic pellicle and consequently of definite form, never using pseudopodia for locomotion or ingestion, provided (at least in the See also:young See also:state) with ce numerous See also:cilia or See also:organs derived from cilia and equipped with a See also:double nuclear apparatus: the larger (mega') nucleus usually dividing by constriction, and disappearing during conjugation: the smaller (micro-) nucleus (sometimes multiple) dividing by mitosis, and entering into conjugation and giving rise to the See also:cycle of nuclei both large and small of the See also:race succeeding conjugation . Thus defined, the Infusoria fall into two See also:groups:—(r) See also:Ciliata, with cilia or organs derived from cilia throughout their lives, provided with a single permanent mouth (absent in the parasitic Opalinopsidae) flush with the See also:body or at the See also:base of an oral depression, and taking in See also:food by active swallowing or by ciliary action: (2) Suetoria, rarely ciliated except in the young state, } and taking in their food by suction through See also:pro-q trusible hollow tentacles, usually numerous . The pellicle of the Infusoria is stronger and more permanent than in many Protozoa, and sometimes assumes the character of a See also:mail of hard plates, closely fitting; but even in this case it undergoes See also:solution soon after See also:death . It is continuous with a See also:firm ectosarc, highly differentiated in the Ciliata, and in both groups See also:free from coarse movable granules . The endosarc is semifluid and See also:rich in granules mostly " reserve " in nature, often showing proteid or See also:fat reactions . One or more contractile vacuoles are pre-sent in some of the marine and all the See also:freshwater species, and open to the See also:surface by pores of permanent position: a See also:system of canals in the deeper layers of the ectoplasm is sometimes connected with the vacucle . The body is often provided with not-living See also:external formations " stalk " and " theca " (or lorica ") . The character of the nuclear apparatus excludes two groups both parasitic and mouthless: (I) the Trichonymphidae, with a single nucleus of See also:Leidy, parasitic in See also:Insects, especially Termites; (2) the Opalinidae, with several (often numerous) See also:uniform nuclei, parasitic in the gut of See also:Batrachia, &c., and producing 1-nuclear zoospores which conjugate . Both these families we unite into a group of Pseudociliata, which may be referred to the Flagellate (q.v.) . Lankester in the last edition of this See also:Encyclopaedia called attention to the doubtful position of See also:Opalina, and Delage and Herouard placed Trichonymphidae among Flagellates . The theca or See also:shell is present in some pelagic species (fig. iii . 3, 5) and in many of the attached species, notably among the Peritricha (fig. iii . 21, 22, 25, 26) and Suctoria (fig. viii . II); and is found in some free-See also:swimming forms (fig. iii . 3, 5): it is usually chitinous, and forms a See also:cup into which the See also:animal, protruded when at its utmost See also:elongation, can retract itself . In Metacineta mystacina it has several distinct slits (pylomes) for the passage of tufts of tentacles . In See also:Stentor it is gelatinous; and in the Dictyocystids it is beautifully latticed . The stalk is usually solid, and See also:expanded at the base into a disk in Suctoria . In Peritrichaceae (fig. iii . 8-22, 25, 26), the only ciliate group with a stalk, it grows for some See also:time after its formation, and on fission two new stalks continue the old one, so as to form a branched See also:colony (fig. iii . 18) . In See also:Vorticella (fig. iii . II, 12, 14, &c.) the stalk is hollow and elastic, and attached to it along a See also:spiral is a is termed a popular or qui See also:tam action, because it is brought by a person qui tam pro domino rege quanz pro se ipso sequitur . A suit by an informermust be brought within a See also:year of the offence, unless a specific time is prescribed by the statute . The term informer is also used of an See also:accomplice in See also:crime who turns what is called " king's evidence " (see ACCOMPLICE) . In See also:Scotland, informer is the term applied to the party who, in criminal proceedings, sets the lord See also:advocate in See also:motion . |
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