See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

INFORMATION (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. informare, to give shape or See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form to, to represent, describe)  , the communication of knowledge; in See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, a proceeding on behalf of the See also:

• CROWN

crown against a subject otherwise than by See also:

• INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment . A criminal See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information is a proceeding in the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench by the See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general without the intervention of a See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• JURY

jury . The attorney-general, or, in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, the See also:

• SOLICITOR

solicitor-general, has a right ex officio to See also:

• FILE

file a criminal information in respect of any indictments, but not for See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, felonies or See also:

• MISPRISION (from O. Fr. mesprendre, mod. meprendre, to misunderstand)

misprision of treason . It is, however, seldom exercised, except in cases which might be described as " enormous misdemeanours," such as those peculiarly tending to disturb or endanger the king's See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, e.g. seditions, obstructing the king's See also:

• OFFICERS

officers in the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of their duties, &c . In the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the proceedings the attorney-general is said the boarders at the school took the See also:

• QUININE

quinine in the presence I to " come into the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of our See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord the king before the king of a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master every See also:

• MORNING

morning, there were scarcely any cases of himself at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, and gives the court there to under-See also:

• INFLUENZA (syn. " grip," la grippe)

influenza among them, although the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home boarders suffered stand and be informed that, &c." Then follows the statement nearly as much as before." He continues, " In a large girls' of the offence as in an indictment . The information is filed in school near See also:

• LONDON

London the same thing was ordered, and the girls the crown See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office without the leave of the court . An information and mistresses took their morning dose but the servants were forgotten . The result was that scarcely any girl or See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress suffered while the servants were all down with influenza." The liability to See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract influenza, and the danger of an attack if contracted, are increased by depressing conditions, such as and for aggravated libels on public or private persons . Leave exposure to See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and to fatigue, whether See also:

• MENTAL

mental or See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical . 1 to file an information is obtained after an application to show See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

Attention should, therefore, be paid to all See also:

• MEASURES

measures tending to cause, founded on a sworn statement of the material facts of the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of See also:

• HEALTH

health . Persons who are attacked by influenza the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . should at once seek See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, warmth and medical treatment, and Certain suits might also be filed in See also:

• CHANCERY

Chancery by way of informa- they should See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear in mind that the See also:

• RISK

risk of relapse, with serious tion in the name of the attorney-general, but this See also:

• SPECIES

species of complications, constitutes a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief danger of the disease. information was superseded by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order 1, See also:

• RULE

rule 1 of the Rules of In addition to the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-books, see the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of articles the Supreme Court, 1883, under which they are instituted in-the by experts on different aspects in The Practitioner (London) for ordinary way .

Informations in the Court of See also:

• EXCHEQUER

Exchequer in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1907. See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue cases, also filed by the attorney-general, are still resorted IN FORMA PAUPERIS (Latin, " in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of pauper "), to (see A.-G. v . See also:

• WILLIAMSON, ALEXANDER WILLIAM (1824–1904)
• WILLIAMSON, SIR JOSEPH (1633–1701)
• WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM CRAWFORD (18r6–1895)

Williamson, 1889, 6o L.T . 930) . the legal phrase for a method of bringing or defending a case INFORMER, in a general sense, one who communicates in court on the See also:

• PART

part of persons without means . By an English information . The See also:

• TERM

term is applied to a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who prosecutes See also:

• STATUTE

statute of 1495 (11 See also:

• HEN

Hen . VII. c . 12), any poor person having in any of the courts of law those who break any law or penal cause of See also:

• ACTION

action was entitled to have a See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ according to the nature statute . Such a person is called a See also:

• COMMON

common informer when he of the case, without paying the fees thereon . The statute of furnishes See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence on criminal trials or prosecutes for breaches 1495 was repealed by the Statute Law Revision and See also:

• CIVIL

Civil of penal See also:

• LAWS

laws solely for the purpose of obtaining the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

Procedure See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1883, but its provisions, as well as the chancery recovered, or a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of it . An action by a common informer There is no routine treatment for influenza except See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed . In all cases bed is advisable, because of the danger of See also:

• LUNG

lung complications, and in mild ones it is sufficient .

Severer ones must be treated according to the symptoms . Quinine has been much used . See also:

• MODERN

Modern " See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-pyretic " drugs hate also been extensively employed, and when applied with discretion they may be useful, but patients are not advised to prescribe them for them-selves . See also:

• SIR

Sir Wm . Broadbent in a See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note on the prophylaxis of influenza recommends quinine in a dose of two grains every morning, and remarks: " I have had opportunities of obtaining extraordinary evidence of its protective See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . In a large public school it was ordered to be taken every morning . Some of the boys in the school were home boarders, and it was found that while 1 57 . . .. . .. . .. 222 ,22 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 to ti 0 m o q f0 C1 m W G1 may also be filed at the instance of a private prosecutor for misdemeanours not affecting the government, but being peculiarly flagrant and pernicious .

Thus criminal informations have been granted for bribing or attempting to bribe public functionaries, 1 . Opalinopsis sepiolae, Foett.: a parasitic Holotrichous mouthless Ciliate from the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver of the Squid. a, branched See also:

• MEGANUCLEUS (also called MACRONUCLEUS)

meganucleus; b, vacuoles (non-contractile) . 2 . A similar specimen treated with picrocarmine, showing a remarkably branched and See also:

• TWISTED

twisted meganucleus (a), in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of several nuclei . 3 . Anoplophrya naidos, Duj.; a mouth-less Holotrichous Ciliate parasitic in the See also:

• WORM

worm Nais. a, the large axial meganucleus; b, contractile vacuoles . 4 . Anoplophrya proltfera, C. and L.; from the See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine of Clitellio . Remark-able for the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of incomplete fission-products in a metameric series. a, meganucleus . 5 . Amphileptus gigas, C. and L . (See also:

• GYMNOSTOMACEAE

Gymnostomaceae). b, contractile vacuoles; c, trichocysts (see fig .

2); d, mega-See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus; e. pharynx . 6, 7 . Prorodon niveus, Ehr . (Gymnostomaceae). a, meganucleus; b, contractile vacuole; c, pharynx with horny cuticular lining . 6 . The fasciculate cuticle of the pharynx isolated . See also:

• INFUSORIA

INFUSORIA 557 men, they included (r) Desmids, Diatoms and Schizomycetes, now regarded as essentially Plant See also:

• PROTISTA

Protista or Protophytes; (2) See also:

• SARCODINA

Sarcodina (excluding See also:

• FORAMINIFERA

Foraminifera, as well as See also:

• RADIOLARIA

Radiolaria, which were only as yet known by their skeletons, and termed Polycystina), and (3) Rotifers, as well as (4) Flagellates and Infusoria in our See also:

• PRESENT

present sense . F . Dujardin in his Ilistoire See also:

• DES

des zoophytes (1841) gave nearly as liberal an See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation to the name; while C . T . See also:

• VAN

Van See also:

• SIEBOLD, CARL THEODOR ERNST VON (1804–1885)
• SIEBOLD, PHILIPP FRANZ VON (1796-1866)

Siebold (1845) narrowed it to its present limits See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save for the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of several Flagellate families . O .

Butschli limited the See also:

• GROUP

group by removing the Flagel- lata, See also:

• DINOFLAGELLATA

Dinoflagellata and See also:

• CYSTOFLAGELLATA (so named by E. Haeckel)

Cystoflagellata (q.v.)under the name of " See also:

• MASTIGOPHORA

Mastigophora " proposed earlier by R . M . Diesing (1865) . We now define it thus: —See also:

• PROTOZOA (Gr. 7rpwros, first, and i'woe, living thing)

Protozoa bounded by a permanent plasmic pellicle and consequently of definite form, never using pseudopodia for locomotion or ingestion, provided (at least in the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state) with ce numerous See also:

• CILIA (plural of Lat. cilium, eyelash)

cilia or See also:

• ORGANS

organs derived from cilia and equipped with a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double nuclear apparatus: the larger (mega') nucleus usually dividing by constriction, and disappearing during conjugation: the smaller (micro-) nucleus (sometimes multiple) dividing by mitosis, and entering into conjugation and giving rise to the See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of nuclei both large and small of the See also:

• RACE

race succeeding conjugation . Thus defined, the Infusoria fall into two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups:—(r) See also:

• CILIATA
• CILIATA (M. Pertz)

Ciliata, with cilia or organs derived from cilia throughout their lives, provided with a single permanent mouth (absent in the parasitic Opalinopsidae) flush with the See also:

• BODY

body or at the See also:

• BASE

base of an oral depression, and taking in See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food by active swallowing or by ciliary action: (2) Suetoria, rarely ciliated except in the young state, } and taking in their food by suction through See also:

• PRO

pro-q trusible hollow tentacles, usually numerous . The pellicle of the Infusoria is stronger and more permanent than in many Protozoa, and sometimes assumes the character of a See also:

• MAIL

mail of hard plates, closely fitting; but even in this case it undergoes See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution soon after See also:

• DEATH

death . It is continuous with a See also:

• FIRM

firm ectosarc, highly differentiated in the Ciliata, and in both groups See also:

• FREE

free from coarse movable granules . The endosarc is semifluid and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in granules mostly " reserve " in nature, often showing proteid or See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat reactions . One or more contractile vacuoles are pre-sent in some of the marine and all the See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater species, and open to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface by pores of permanent position: a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of canals in the deeper layers of the ectoplasm is sometimes connected with the vacucle . The body is often provided with not-living See also:

• EXTERNAL

external formations " stalk " and " theca " (or lorica ") . The character of the nuclear apparatus excludes two groups both parasitic and mouthless: (I) the Trichonymphidae, with a single nucleus of See also:

• LEIDY, JOSEPH (1823–1891)

Leidy, parasitic in See also:

• INSECTS

Insects, especially Termites; (2) the Opalinidae, with several (often numerous) See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform nuclei, parasitic in the gut of See also:

• BATRACHIA

Batrachia, &c., and producing 1-nuclear zoospores which conjugate . Both these families we unite into a group of Pseudociliata, which may be referred to the Flagellate (q.v.) .

Lankester in the last edition of this See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia called attention to the doubtful position of See also:

• OPALINA (so named by J. E. Purkinje and G. Valentin)

Opalina, and Delage and Herouard placed Trichonymphidae among Flagellates . The theca or See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell is present in some pelagic species (fig. iii . 3, 5) and in many of the attached species, notably among the Peritricha (fig. iii . 21, 22, 25, 26) and Suctoria (fig. viii . II); and is found in some free-See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming forms (fig. iii . 3, 5): it is usually chitinous, and forms a See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup into which the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, protruded when at its utmost See also:

• ELONGATION

elongation, can retract itself . In Metacineta mystacina it has several distinct slits (pylomes) for the passage of tufts of tentacles . In See also:

• STENTOR

Stentor it is gelatinous; and in the Dictyocystids it is beautifully latticed . The stalk is usually solid, and See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded at the base into a disk in Suctoria . In Peritrichaceae (fig. iii . 8-22, 25, 26), the only ciliate group with a stalk, it grows for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time after its formation, and on fission two new stalks continue the old one, so as to form a branched See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony (fig. iii . 18) .

In See also:

• VORTICELLA

Vorticella (fig. iii . II, 12, 14, &c.) the stalk is hollow and elastic, and attached to it along a See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral is a is termed a popular or qui See also:

• TAM, JACOB BEN MEIR (1100-1171)

tam action, because it is brought by a person qui tam pro domino rege quanz pro se ipso sequitur . A suit by an informermust be brought within a See also:

• YEAR

year of the offence, unless a specific time is prescribed by the statute . The term informer is also used of an See also:

• ACCOMPLICE (from Fr. complice, conspirator, Lat. complex, a sharer, associate, complicare, to fold together; the ac- is possibly due to confusion with " accomplish," to complete, Lat. complere, to fill up)

accomplice in See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime who turns what is called " king's evidence " (see ACCOMPLICE) . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, informer is the term applied to the party who, in criminal proceedings, sets the lord See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate in See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion .