See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

INNOCENT (POPES)  . His first acts were to restore the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where it had been overshadowed by the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI . As See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope it was his See also:

• OBJECT

object to shake off the imperial yoke, as an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince to clear the See also:

• LAND

land of the hated Germans . The circumstances of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time were highly favourable to him . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• DEATH

death of Henry VI . (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1197) had See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany divided between See also:

• RIVAL

rival candidates for the See also:

• CROWN

crown, See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily torn by warring factions of native and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German barons . It was, then, easy for See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent to depose the imperial See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome itself and to oust the German feudatories who held the See also:

• GREAT

great Italian fiefs for the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell; See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia surrendered; See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany acknowledged the leadership of the pope; papal rectores once more governed the patrimony of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter . Finally, Henry's widow, See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, in despair, acknowledged the pope as overlord of the two Sicilies, and on her death (See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 27, 1198) appointed him See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of her See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant son See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick . Thus in the first See also:

• YEAR

year of his pontificate Innocent had established himself as the See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector of the Italian nation against See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign aggression, and had consolidated in the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula a secure basis on which to build up his See also:

• WORLD

world-power . The effective assertion of this world-power is the characteristic feature of Innocent's pontificate . Other popes before him—from See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory VII. onwards—had upheld the theory of the supremacy of the spiritual over the temporal authority, with various See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune; it was reserved for Innocent to make it a reality .

The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the processes by which he accomplished this is given elsewhere . Here it will suffice to See also:

• DEAL

deal with it in the broadest outline . In Germany his support of See also:

• OTTO

Otto IV. against See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia, then of Philip against Otto and finally, after Philip's See also:

• MURDER

murder (See also:

• JUNE

June 21, t 208), of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Frederick II. against Otto, effectually prevented the imperial power, during his pontificate, from again becoming a danger to that of the papacy in Italy . Concessions at the cost of the Empire in Italy were in every See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of his support (see GERMANY: History) . In his relations with the German emperors Innocent acted partly as pope, partly as an Italian prince; his victories over other and more distant potentates he won wholly in his spiritual capacity . Thus he forced the masterful Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to put away See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes of See also:

• MERAN

Meran and take back his Danish wife See also:

• INGEBORG

Ingeborg, whom he had wrongfully divorced; he compelled Peter of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon to forgo his intended See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Bianca of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre and ultimately (1204) to receive back his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom as a See also:

• FIEF

fief of the Holy See; he forced See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso IX. of See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon to put away his wife Berengaria of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile, who was related to him within the prohibited degrees, though he pronounced their See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children legitimate . Sancho of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal was compelled to pay the See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute promised by his See also:

• FATHER

father to Rome, and See also:

• LADISLAUS [I.]

Ladislaus of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland to cease from infringing the rights of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . Even the distant See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of Innocent's power, and the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• TRONDHJEM, or THRONDHJEM (sometimes written in the German form Drontheim)

Trondhjem was called to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order for daring to remove the See also:

• BAN

ban of See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication from the repentant See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• HAAKON (Old Norse Hdkon)

Haakon IV., as an infringement of the exclusive right of the pope to impose or remove the ban of the church in the case of sovereigns . So widespread was the prestige of the pope that Kaloyan, prince of See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria, hoping to strengthen himself against See also:

• INTERNAL

internal foes and the aggressions of the Eastern Empire, submitted to Rome and, in November 1204, received the insignia of See also:

• ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty from the hands of the papal legates as the See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal of the Holy See . Meanwhile Innocent had been zealous in promoting the crusade which ultimately, under the See also:

• DOGE

Doge See also:

• DANDOLO
• DANDOLO, VINCENZO, COUNT (1758-1819)

Dandolo, led to the Latin occupation of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople (see See also:

• CRUSADES

CRUSADES) . This diversion from its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original object was at first severely censured by Innocent; but an event which seemed to put an end to the See also:

• SCHISM

schism of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West came to See also:

• WEAR

wear a different aspect; he was the first pope to nominate a See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of Constantinople, and he expressed the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that henceforth the church would be " one See also:

• FOLD

fold under one shepherd." By a See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 12, 1204, moreover, Innocent proclaimed the same indulgences for a crusade to See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia as the Holy Land . The result was the " See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion " of the Livonians (1206) and the Letts (1208) by the crusaders headed by the knights of the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic Order .

The organization of the new provinces thus won for the church the German King See also:

• LOTHAIR (825-869)
• LOTHAIR (941–986)

Lothair, whom he induced to undertake a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against Anacletus . The German See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army invaded Italy in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1132, and occupied Rome, all except St Peter's church and the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of St Angelo which held out against them . Lothair was crowned emperor at the Lateran in June 1133, and as a further See also:

• REWARD

reward Innocent gave him the territories of the Countess Mathilda as a fief, but refused to surrender the right of See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture . Left to himself Innocent again had to flee, this time to See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa . Here he called a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council which condemned Anacletus . A second expedition of Lothair expelled See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger of Sicily (to whom Anacletus had given the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of king in return for his support) from See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Italy, but a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with Innocent prevented the emperor attacking Rome . At this crisis, in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1138, Anacletus died, and a successor elected by his See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction, as See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor IV., resigned after two months . The Lateran council of 1139 restored See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace to the Church, excommunicating Roger of Sicily, against whom Innocent undertook an expedition which proved unsuccessful . In matters of See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine the pope supported See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux in his See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard and See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold of See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

Brescia, whom he condemned as heretics . The remaining years of Innocent's See also:

• LIFE

life were taken up by a quarrel with the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, which had set up an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, and one with King See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VII. of France, about an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment . France was threatened with the See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict, but before matters came to a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head Innocent died on the 22nd of September 1143 . See See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopddie, " Innocenz II.," with full references .

See also:

• GREGOROVIUS, FERDINAND (1821-1891)

Gregorovius, History of Rome in the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages, trans. by See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896), vol. iv. See also:

• PART

part ii. pp . 420-453 . (P .