See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

INNOCENT X  . (Giovanni Battista Pamfili) was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome on the 6th of May 1574, served successively as auditor of the See also:

• ROTA, COURT OF

Rota, See also:

• NUNCIO

nuncio to See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate apostolic to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, was made See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal in 1627, and succeeded See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban VIII. as See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope on the 15th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1644 . Throughout his pontificate See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent was completely dominated by his See also:

• SISTER

sister-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Donna Olimpia Maidalchini, a woman of masculine spirit . There is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit the scandalous reports of an illicit See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment . Nevertheless, the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Donna Olimpia was baneful; and she made herself thoroughly detested for her inordinate ambition and rapacity . Urban VIII. had been See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in his sympathies; but the papacy now shifted to the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Habsburgs, and there remained for nearly fifty years . Evidences of the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change were numerous: Innocent promoted See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish cardinals; attacked the See also:

• BARBERINI

Barberini, proteges of See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin, and sequestered their possessions; aided in quieting an insurrection in Naples, fomented by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise; and refused to recognize the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, then at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with Spain . As a See also:

• REWARD

reward he obtained from Spain and Naples the recognition of ecclesiastical See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity . In 1649 See also:

• CASTRO, INEZ DE (d. 1355)
• CASTRO, JOAO DE (1500-1548)

Castro, which Urban VIII. had failed to take, was wrested from the See also:

• FARNESE
• FARNESE, ALEXANDER (1545-1592)
• FARNESE, ELIZABETH (1692-1766)

Farnese and annexed to the Papal States . The most worthy efforts of Innocent were directed to the reform of monastic discipline (1652) . His condemnation of See also:

• JANSENISM

Jansenism (16J3) was met with the denial of papal See also:

• INFALLIBILITY (Fr. infaillibilite and infallibilite, the latter now obsolete, Med. Lat. infallibilitas, infallibilis, formed from faller, to make a mistake)

infallibility in matters of fact, and the controversy entered upon a new phase (see JANSENISM) . Although the pontificate of Innocent witnessed the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of many See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant princes, the most notable being See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, the papacy had nevertheless suffered a perceptible decline in See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige; it counted for little in the negotiations at See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, and its See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn protest against the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia was entirely ignored .

Innocent died on the 7th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1655, and was succeeded by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VII . For contemporary lives of Innocent see Oldoin, continuator of Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum Pontiff . Rom . ; and Palazzi, Gesta Pontiff . Rom . (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 1687–1688) iv . 57o sqq . ; Ciampi's Innoc . X . Pamfili, et la sua See also:

• CORTE

Corte (Rome, 1878), gives a very full See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Gualdus' (pseud. of Gregorio Leti; v. See also:

• BIBLIOG

bibliog. See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, See also:

• ART

art . " See also:

• SIXTUS

SIXTUS V.") Vita de Donna Olimpia Maidalchina (1666) is gossipy and untrustworthy; Capranica's Donna See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia Pamfili (See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, 1875, 3rd ed.) is fanciful and historically of no value .

See also See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans., See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin), iii . 4o sqq . ; v . See also:

• REUMONT, ALFRED VON (1808-1887)

Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom. iii . 2, p . 623 sqq . ; See also:

• BROSCH, MORITZ (1829-1907)

Brosch, Gesch. See also:

• DES

des . Kirchenstaates (188o) i . 409 sqq.; and the extended bibliography in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, s.v . " Innocenz X." (T . F .