THE See also:

• THE INQUISITION (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

INQUISITION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)  , the name given to the ecclesiastical See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction dealing both in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages and in See also:

• MODERN

modern times with the detection and See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of heretics and all persons guilty of any offence against See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic orthodoxy . It is incorrect to say that the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition made its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• COMPLETE

complete in all its principles and See also:

• ORGANS

organs . It was the result of, or rather one step in, a See also:

• PROCESS

process of See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution, the beginnings of which are to be traced back to the origins of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul (1 Tim Punishment of See also:

• HERESY

heresy in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . i . 2o) " delivered unto Satan " Hymenaeus and See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, heretics were burnt after ecclesiastical See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment had been " that they might learn not to blaspheme." The See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of pronounced by the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot and several bishops . From 1183 to See also:

• DEATH

death by stoning inflicted by the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• DEUTERONOMY

Deuteronomy upon 1206 See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• AUXERRE

Auxerre, took upon himself the discrethose who deserted the true faith (Dent. xiii . 6-9, xvii . 1-6) is tionary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of exiling, dispossessing or burning heretics, thus reduced to a purely spiritual See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication . During while about the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Hands, See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-the first three centuries of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church there is no trace of any bishop of See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, persecution, and the earlier Fathers, especially See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen and stamped out heresy from his See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . There was a Lactantius, reject the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of it . See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, by the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict similar unanimity between the See also:

• LAY

lay and ecclesiastical authorities of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan (313), inaugurated an era of See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official tolerance, but from in the famous condemnation of the disciples of See also:

• AMALRIC
• AMALRIC (Fr. AMAURY) OF BENA (d. c. 1204-1207)

Amalric of Bena, the time of Valentinian I. and See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius I. onwards, lawsagainst who were burnt at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1209 by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus heretics began to appear, and increased with astonishing regularity after an ecclesiastical inquiry and judgment .

The theory in and rapidity . We can count sixty-eight distributed over these matters was at first as uncertain as the practice; fifty-two years; heretics are subjected to See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile or See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation, in the 11th century one bishop only, Theodwin of Conflict-disqualified from inheriting See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and even, in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege (d . 1075), affirmsthenecessityforthepunishment See also:

• ING

ing views of a few See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of Manichaeans and See also:

• DONATISTS

Donatists, condemned to of heretics by the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm (io5o) . His predecessor, as to the death; but it should be noticed that these penalties apply only Wazo, bishop of Liege from 1041 to 1044, had expressly punish- to the outward manifestations of heresy, and not, as in the middle condemned any See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital punishment and advised the See also:

• MEAT

meat of ages, to crimes of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience . Within the Church, bishop of Chalons to resort to peaceful See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion. heresy . Opinions St Optatus alone (De sclzismate Donatistarum See also:

• LIB

lib. iii . In the 12th century See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the Cantors protested against the of the Fathers. cap. iii.) approved of this violent repression of the death penalty, admitting at the most imprisonment . It was Donatist heresy; St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine only admitted a imprisonment again, or exile, but not death, which the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German temperata severitas, such as scourging, fines or exile, and at the abbot Gerhoh of Reichersperg (1oo3–1169) demanded in the end of the 4th century the condemnation of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish heretic case of See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold of See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

Brescia, and in dealing with the heretics of See also:

• PRISCILLIAN (d. 385)

Priscillian, who was put to death in 385 by order of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard, who cannot be accused of leniency where See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus, gave rise to a keen controversy . St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin of See also:

• TOURS

Tours, heterodoxy was concerned, recommended pacific refutation, St See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose and St See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo vigorously attacked the Spanish bishops followed by excommunication or See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, but never the death who had obtained the condemnation of Priscillian . St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John penalty (see BERNARD, ST, of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux) . In the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, too, See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom considered that a heretic should be deprived of the it is clear that the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the secular arm was See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of speech and that assemblies organized by heretics equally guarded: at Reims excommunication The (1049) Church should be dissolved, but declared that " to put a heretic to death alone is decreed against heretics; and when, as at councils. would be to introduce upon See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth an inexpiable See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime." From See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse (1119) and the Lateran See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council (1139), it in the the 6th to the 9th century the heterodox, with the is laid down that heretics, in addition to excommunication, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early exception of the Manichaean sects in certain places, should be dealt with per potestates exteras, or when, as at the Middle were hardly subjected to persecution . They were, council.of Reims (1148), the secular princes are forbidden to ages. moreover, rare and generally isolated, for groups support or See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour heretics, there is never any See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of of sectaries only began to appear to any extent at the capital punishment .

But it must be noticed that from the time of the earliest appearances of Catharism . However, at opening years of the 12th century date the beginnings See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

Influence the end of the loth century, the disciples of Vilgard, a heretic of a decided evolution in the See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, continuing up of the of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, were destroyed in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, according to the time of See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III., which substituted for canon to Glaber, ferro et incendio, probably by assimilation to the arbitrary decisions according to circumstances an Law-Manichaeans . Perhaps this was the precedent for the punish- organized and particularized legislation, in which judgment was ment of the thirteen Cathari who were burnt at See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans in 1022 given secundum canonicas et legitimas sanctiones . See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm of by order of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence which has been commonly See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca and the Panormia attributed to No of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres reproduced quoted as the first See also:

• ACTION

action of the " secular arm " (or lay power) word for word under the See also:

• RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

rubric De edicto See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im.peratorum in dampnaagainst heresy in the See also:

• NEST

Nest during the middle ages . However tioneln hoereticorum, law 5 of the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title De hereticis of Justinian's that may be, after 1022 there were numerous cases of the execu- See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code, which pronounces the sentence of death against the tion of heretics, either by burning or strangling, in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, Italy, Manichaeans; and we should remember that the Cathari, and the Empire and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Up till about 1200 it is not quite in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general all heretics in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West in the 11th and 12th centuries easy to determine what See also:

• PART

part was taken by the Church and its were considered by contemporary theologians as Manichaeans. bishops and doctors in this See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of executions . At Orleans See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian in the Decretum proclaims the views of St Augustine the See also:

• PEOPLE

people. supported by the See also:

• CROWN

Crown, were responsible for the (exile and fines) . Certain of his commentators (2° pars Calls. death of the heretics; the historians give only the faintest indica- See also:

• XXIII

xxiii.), and notably See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus Johannes Teutonicus, and the tions of any See also:

• DIRECT

direct intervention of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, except perhaps for See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous glossator (in Uguccio's See also:

• GREAT

Great Summa of The the examination of See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine . At See also:

• GOSLAR

Goslar (1051–1052) the See also:

• PRO

pro- the Decretzm) declare that impenitent heretics may, Council ceedings were the same . At See also:

• ASTI (anc. Hasta)

Asti (10J4) the bishop's name or even should, be punished by death . As early as of Tours, appears See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with those of the other lords who attacked 1163, the council of Tours suggested to the ecclesiastical 116,3. the Cathari, but it seems clear that it was not he who had the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authorities definite penalties to be inflicted on heretics, namely, See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice in their See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution; at Milan, it was again the See also:

• CIVIL

civil magis- imprisonment and loss of all their property . See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope Alexander trates, and this time against the wish of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop—who III., who had attended the council of Tours of 1163, re-gave the heretics the choice between the See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration of the See also:

• CROSS

cross newed at the Lateran council (1179) the decisions which and death .

At See also:

• SOISSONS

Soissons (1114) the See also:

• MOB

mob, distrusting the weakness had already been made with regard to the heterodox of the clergy, took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of their bishop's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of France, and at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona in 1184 heretics at the stake . It was also the mob who, infuriated at Pope See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius III., in concert with the emperor seeing him destroy and burn crosses, burnt the hwesiarch Peter See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa, took still more severe See also:

• MEASURES

measures: of Bruis (c . 1140) . At Liege (1144) the bishop saved from the obstinate heretics were to be excommunicated, and flames certain persons whom the faithful were attempting to then handed over to the secular arm, which would burn . At Cologne (1163) the archbishop was less successful, and the mob put the heretics to death without even a trial . The condemnation of Arnold of Brescia was entirely See also:

• POLITICAL

political, though he was denounced as a heretic to the secular arm by Bernard of Clairvaux, and his execution was the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of t he See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (1155) . At Vezclay, on the contrary (1167). the See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

Definition of the See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure under Lucius IIi and the Emperor Frederick 1 . inflict a suitable penalty . The emperor, on his side, laid them under the imperial See also:

• BAN

ban (exile, confiscation, demolition of their houses, infamia, loss of civil rights, disqualification from 1 See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre de Beauvoisis (?), See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master (See also:

• GRAND

grand-chantre) of the university of Paris (1184), bishop of See also:

• TOURNAI (Flemish Doornik)

Tournai (1191), of Paris (1;96) ; died as_• a Cistercian in 1197 . [le was beatified . public offices, &c.) . The usage, then, was already quite clear; but the death penalty had not as yet been demanded The death or inflicted .

Possibly it was Count See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond V. of penalty . Toulouse, in whose territories heretics abounded, who in 1194 enacted a law threatening them with the penalty of death; but the authenticity of this act has been questioned . It was more probably Peter II. of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon who was the first to See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree, in 1197, the punishment of death by burning against the heretics who should not have See also:

• LEFT

left his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom within a given time . But it was Innocent III. who gave the most powerful impetus to the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-heretical See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement Innocent ui. in the secular See also:

• WORLD

world by his frequent exhortations (beginning in 1198) to the secular princes (letters of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 25th, 119o, and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 22nd, 1207) . As a jurist he henceforward assimilated the crime of high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason against See also:

• GOD

God to that of high treason against temporal rulers, and admitted all the terrible consequences of this assimilation . It is therefore incorrect to believe that the Inquisition arose out of, and at the time of, the crusade against the Albigenses . These executions en masse certainly created a definitive precedent for violent repression, but there was still sign crusade. no See also:

• REGULAR

regular organization: the council of Toulouse, No regu- held in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1229 by the Roman See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate after the Mr In- treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, attempted to organize one, and qulsuion. constituted itself the tribunal . But the procedure was still uncertain; in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, from 1200 to 1222, at Paris (execution of the disciples of Amalric of Bena), at See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, See also:

• CAMBRAI

Cambrai, See also:

• TROYES

Troyes and See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon executions took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, after trials in which the bishops were the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, the exercise of the secular power being based on vague phrases in the decrees of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VIII . (that heretics be punished animadversione debita), or in those of Louis IX., ordering his baillis or barons to do to them quod debebunt . The emperor Frederick II. defined his See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence The more clearly: from 1220 to 1239, supported by Pope Emperor See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius III., and above all by See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory IX., he Frederick established against the heretics of the Empire in ll general a legislation in which the penalties of death, banishment and confiscation of property were formulated so clearly as to be henceforth incontestable . Gregory IX. See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt his influence, and also that of the Dominican Guala, bishop of Brescia, who had subjected his episcopal See also:

• TOWN

town to the full rigour of the imperial See also:

• LAWS

laws . The pope no longer hesitated as to the principle or the degree of repression; but introduced new methods of inquiry and judgment: he created out of the material furnished him by the mendicant orders, and especially the See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans, who were more disciplined than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest and better theologians, the monastic inquisition, which was more elastic, from place to place .

On arriving in a See also:

• DISTRICT

district they addressed its inhabitants, called upon them to confess, if they were heretics, or to denounce those whom they knew to be heretics: a " time of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace " was opened, during which those who freely confessed were dispensed from all penalties, or only given a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret and very See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance; while those whose heresy had been openly manifested were exempted from the penalties of death and perpetual imprisonment . But this time could not exceed one See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . After that began the inquisition . As soon as their See also:

• MISSION

mission was at an end, and heresy was considered to be stamped out, the inquisitors left the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Later, inquisitorial districts were formed . The seat of the Inquisition in each district was the monastery of /torla/ tl~~lsl- the order (Dominican or Franciscan) to which the districts. inquisitors for that part belonged . There was never any See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court or prison: the mucus (prison) was See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent to the Inquisition by the ecclesiastical or secular authorities . The See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the prisoners and the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of providing the prison See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in principle upon the bishops (council of Toulouse, 1229), but they tried to evade it . The See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of France, and in particular Louis VIII., granted subsidies to the The See also:

• LIMA

lima. inquisitors . For each district the inquisitors were sitorsand chosen by the provincials of their order, approved their or rejected by the pope, and removable by him only. auxill-Their discretionary See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers were See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute . They axles. conducted their interrogations before two persons (laymen or ecclesiastics) and only pronounced their sentence after consultation with leading men in the district (communicato bonorum virorum consilio) . This was the only See also:

• PROTECTION

protection for the accused .

It was in vain that the civil lawyers tried to prove that the secular authorities had a right to see the documents bearing on the case; the Inquisition always succeeded in setting aside these claims . The See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share taken in the proceedings by the bishops, the accused or their representatives, though admitted in principle, was as a See also:

• RULE

rule merely illusory . The Inquisition had in addition to these See also:

• BONI (Bone)

boni viii certain other lay assistant officials, its sworn notaries, messengers and familiars, all of whom were closely See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to it . Bernard See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy (Bernardus Guidonis),i one of the earliest and most complete exponents of the theory of the Inquisition, admits distinctly that in its procedure multa sunt procedure specialia . The procedure was secret and in the of the highest degree arbitrary, proceeding sine sire See also:

• PINT (derived probably through Spanish, from Lat. pincta, pitta, a painted or marked vessel)

pint et /nqulsifigura judicii, its See also:

• OBJECT

object being to ascertain not so tion. much particular offences as tendencies: the murderers of the inquisitor Peter See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr 2 were tried, not as assassins, but as guilty of heresy and adversaries of the Inquisition; and on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, See also:

• EXTERNAL

external acts of piety and verbal professions of faith were held of no value . Moreover the Inquisition was not bound by the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary rules of procedure in its inquiries: the accused was surprised by a sudden See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons, and as a rule imprisoned on suspicion . All the accused were presumed to be guilty, the See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge being at the same time the accuser . Absence was naturally considered as See also:

• CONTUMACY (Lat. contumacia, obstinacy; derived from the root tem-, as in temnere,' t'o_despise, or possibly from the root tum-, as in tumere, to swell, with anger, &c.)

contumacy, and only increased the presumption of See also:

• GUILT

guilt by seeming to admit it . The accused had the right to demand a written See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the offences attributed to him (capitula accusations), but the names of the witnesses were withheld from him (Innocent IV.; bulls Cum negocium and Licet sieut accepimus), he did not know who had denounced him, nor what See also:

• WEIGHT

weight was attached by the judges to the denunciations made against him . The utmost that was allowed him was the unsatisfactory See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of the recusationes divinatrices, i.e. at his first examination he was asked for the names of any enemies of whom he knew, and the causes of their enmity . Heretics or persons deprived of civil rights (infames) were admitted as witnesses in cases of heresy . See also:

• WOMEN

Women, See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children or slaves could be witnesses for the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution, but not for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and cases are even to be found in which the witnesses were only ten years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age .

Langhino Ugolini states that a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness who should retract his hostile See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence should be punished for false witness; but that his evidence should be retained, and have its full effect on the sentence . No witness might refuse to give evidence, under See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of being considered guilty of heresy . The prosecution went on in the utmost secrecy . The accused swore that he would tell the whole truth, and was bound to denounce all those 1 He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born c . 1261, was a Dominican at See also:

• LIMOGES

Limoges in 1279, successively See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of See also:

• ALBI

Albi (1294), See also:

• CARCASSONNE

Carcassonne (1297), See also:

• CASTRES

Castres (1301) and Limoges (1305), inquisitor at Toulouse (1307), bishop of See also:

• TUY

Tuy (1323) and of See also:

• LODEVE

Lodeve (1325) . He died in 1331 . 2 Peter, a Dominican, born at Verona, was murdered near Milan in 1252 and canonized in 1253 . Gregory IX. creates the monistic Inquisition . The Domi- nicans. more See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant in its activities and more numerous than the inquisition by legate, and better disciplined than the episcopal inquisition . In November 1232 the Dominican Alberic went See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy with the title of Inquisitor haereticae pravitatis . In 1231 a similar See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was given to the Dominicans of Friesach and to the terrible See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad of See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, whose zeal in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany even exceeded the pope's wishes . In 1233 Gregory IX. addressed a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to the bishops in the south of France, in which he announced his intention of employing the See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching friars in future for the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery and repression of heresy .

The inquisition was now regularly instituted, but its See also:

• JURIS

juris- prudence was elaborated by successive additions or limitations, by the force of See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom and the detailed prescriptions Beginnings added by the papal constitutions . The pope's See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn- of the -a- missioners " in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of heresy " at first travelled quisition . who were partners of his heresy, or whom he knew or suspected to be heretics . If he confessed, and denounced his accomplices, relatives or See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, he was " reconciled " with the Church, and had to suffer only the humiliating penalties prescribed by the canon law . If further examination proved necessary, it was continued by various methods . Bernardus Guidonis enumerates many ways of obtaining confessions, sometimes by means of moral subterfuges, but sometimes also by a process of weakening the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical strength . And as a last expedient See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture was resorted to . The Church was originally opposed to torture, and the canon law did not admit confessions extorted by that means; but by the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Ad extir- See also:

• PANDA (Aelurus fulgens)

panda (1252) Innocent IV. approved its use for the discovery of heresy, and See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban IV. confirmed this usage, which had its origin in secular legislation (cf. the Veronese Code of 1228, and Sicilian Constitution of Frederick II. in 1231) . In 1312 excessive See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty had to be suppressed by the council of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . Canonic- ally the torture could only be applied once, but it might be " continued." The next step was the torture of witnesses, a practice which was left to the discretion of the inquisitors . Moreover, all confessions or depositions extorted in the torture- chamber had subsequently to be " freely " confirmed . The See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession was always considered as voluntary .

The procedure was of course not litigious; any lawyer defending the accused would have been held guilty of heresy . The inquiry might last a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time, for it was interrupted or resumed according to the discretion of the judges, who disposed matters so as to obtain as many confessions or denunciations as possible . After the different phases of the examination, the accused were divided into two categories: (1) those who had confessed and abjured, (2) those who had not confessed and were consequently convicted of heresy . There was a third class, by no means the least numerous, namely, those who having previously confessed and abjured had relapsed into See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error . Next came the moment of the sentence: " there was never any case of an acquittal pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple " (H . C . See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea) . The See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula for full and complete acquittal given by Bernardus Guidonis in his Practica, should, he says, never or very rarely be employed . The sentences were solemnly pronounced on a See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday, in a church or public place, in the presence of the inquisitors, their auxiliaries, the This was the sermo generalis (see AUTO DA xi) . The accused who had confessed were reconciled, and the penalties were then pronounced; these were, in order of severity, penances, See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting, prayers, pilgrimages (See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James of Compostella, See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, &c.), public scourging, the compulsory wearing on the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast or back of crosses of yellow felt sewn on to the clothes or sometimes of See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues of red, letters, &c . These were the poenaeconfusibiles (humiliating) . The inquisitors eventually acquired the right of inflicting fines at discretion .

In 1244 and 1251 Innocent IV. reproved them for their exactions . All these See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor penalties could be commuted for payments in See also:

• MONEY

money in the same way as See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution from the crusader's See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow, and the council of Vienna tried to put an end to these extortions . Beyond these minor penalties came the severer ones of imprisonment for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of time, perpetual imprisonment and imprisonment of various degrees of severity (murus See also:

• LARGUS, SCRIBONIUS

largus, murus strictus vel strictissimus) . The murus strictus consisted in the deepest See also:

• DUNGEON

dungeon, with single or See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double fetters, and " the See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• WATER

water of affliction "; but the severity of the prison regime varied very much . The murus largus, especially for a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich prisoner, amounted to a fairly mild imprisonment, but the mortality among those confined in the murus strictus became so high that See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement V. ordered an inquiry to be made into the prison regime in See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc, in spite of Bernard Guy's protest against the investigation as likely to diminish the See also:

• PRESTIGE