THE See also:

• THE INQUISITION (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

INQUISITION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)  , the name given to the ecclesiastical See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction dealing both in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages and in See also:

• MODERN

modern times with the detection and See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of heretics and all persons guilty of any offence against See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic orthodoxy . It is incorrect to say that the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition made its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• COMPLETE

complete in all its principles and See also:

• ORGANS

organs . It was the result of, or rather one step in, a See also:

• PROCESS

process of See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution, the beginnings of which are to be traced back to the origins of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul (1 Tim Punishment of See also:

• HERESY

heresy in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . i . 2o) " delivered unto Satan " Hymenaeus and See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, heretics were burnt after ecclesiastical See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment had been " that they might learn not to blaspheme." The See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of pronounced by the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot and several bishops . From 1183 to See also:

• DEATH

death by stoning inflicted by the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• DEUTERONOMY

Deuteronomy upon 1206 See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• AUXERRE

Auxerre, took upon himself the discrethose who deserted the true faith (Dent. xiii . 6-9, xvii . 1-6) is tionary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of exiling, dispossessing or burning heretics, thus reduced to a purely spiritual See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication . During while about the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Hands, See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-the first three centuries of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church there is no trace of any bishop of See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, persecution, and the earlier Fathers, especially See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen and stamped out heresy from his See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . There was a Lactantius, reject the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of it . See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, by the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict similar unanimity between the See also:

• LAY

lay and ecclesiastical authorities of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan (313), inaugurated an era of See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official tolerance, but from in the famous condemnation of the disciples of See also:

• AMALRIC
• AMALRIC (Fr. AMAURY) OF BENA (d. c. 1204-1207)

Amalric of Bena, the time of Valentinian I. and See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius I. onwards, lawsagainst who were burnt at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1209 by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus heretics began to appear, and increased with astonishing regularity after an ecclesiastical inquiry and judgment .

The theory in and rapidity . We can count sixty-eight distributed over these matters was at first as uncertain as the practice; fifty-two years; heretics are subjected to See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile or See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation, in the 11th century one bishop only, Theodwin of Conflict-disqualified from inheriting See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and even, in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege (d . 1075), affirmsthenecessityforthepunishment See also:

• ING

ing views of a few See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of Manichaeans and See also:

• DONATISTS

Donatists, condemned to of heretics by the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm (io5o) . His predecessor, as to the death; but it should be noticed that these penalties apply only Wazo, bishop of Liege from 1041 to 1044, had expressly punish- to the outward manifestations of heresy, and not, as in the middle condemned any See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital punishment and advised the See also:

• MEAT

meat of ages, to crimes of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience . Within the Church, bishop of Chalons to resort to peaceful See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion. heresy . Opinions St Optatus alone (De sclzismate Donatistarum See also:

• LIB

lib. iii . In the 12th century See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the Cantors protested against the of the Fathers. cap. iii.) approved of this violent repression of the death penalty, admitting at the most imprisonment . It was Donatist heresy; St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine only admitted a imprisonment again, or exile, but not death, which the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German temperata severitas, such as scourging, fines or exile, and at the abbot Gerhoh of Reichersperg (1oo3–1169) demanded in the end of the 4th century the condemnation of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish heretic case of See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold of See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

Brescia, and in dealing with the heretics of See also:

• PRISCILLIAN (d. 385)

Priscillian, who was put to death in 385 by order of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard, who cannot be accused of leniency where See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus, gave rise to a keen controversy . St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin of See also:

• TOURS

Tours, heterodoxy was concerned, recommended pacific refutation, St See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose and St See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo vigorously attacked the Spanish bishops followed by excommunication or See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, but never the death who had obtained the condemnation of Priscillian . St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John penalty (see BERNARD, ST, of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux) . In the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, too, See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom considered that a heretic should be deprived of the it is clear that the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the secular arm was See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of speech and that assemblies organized by heretics equally guarded: at Reims excommunication The (1049) Church should be dissolved, but declared that " to put a heretic to death alone is decreed against heretics; and when, as at councils. would be to introduce upon See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth an inexpiable See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime." From See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse (1119) and the Lateran See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council (1139), it in the the 6th to the 9th century the heterodox, with the is laid down that heretics, in addition to excommunication, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early exception of the Manichaean sects in certain places, should be dealt with per potestates exteras, or when, as at the Middle were hardly subjected to persecution . They were, council.of Reims (1148), the secular princes are forbidden to ages. moreover, rare and generally isolated, for groups support or See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour heretics, there is never any See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of of sectaries only began to appear to any extent at the capital punishment .

But it must be noticed that from the time of the earliest appearances of Catharism . However, at opening years of the 12th century date the beginnings See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

Influence the end of the loth century, the disciples of Vilgard, a heretic of a decided evolution in the See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, continuing up of the of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, were destroyed in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, according to the time of See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III., which substituted for canon to Glaber, ferro et incendio, probably by assimilation to the arbitrary decisions according to circumstances an Law-Manichaeans . Perhaps this was the precedent for the punish- organized and particularized legislation, in which judgment was ment of the thirteen Cathari who were burnt at See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans in 1022 given secundum canonicas et legitimas sanctiones . See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm of by order of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence which has been commonly See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca and the Panormia attributed to No of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres reproduced quoted as the first See also:

• ACTION

action of the " secular arm " (or lay power) word for word under the See also:

• RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

rubric De edicto See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im.peratorum in dampnaagainst heresy in the See also:

• NEST

Nest during the middle ages . However tioneln hoereticorum, law 5 of the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title De hereticis of Justinian's that may be, after 1022 there were numerous cases of the execu- See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code, which pronounces the sentence of death against the tion of heretics, either by burning or strangling, in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, Italy, Manichaeans; and we should remember that the Cathari, and the Empire and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Up till about 1200 it is not quite in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general all heretics in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West in the 11th and 12th centuries easy to determine what See also:

• PART

part was taken by the Church and its were considered by contemporary theologians as Manichaeans. bishops and doctors in this See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of executions . At Orleans See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian in the Decretum proclaims the views of St Augustine the See also:

• PEOPLE

people. supported by the See also:

• CROWN

Crown, were responsible for the (exile and fines) . Certain of his commentators (2° pars Calls. death of the heretics; the historians give only the faintest indica- See also:

• XXIII

xxiii.), and notably See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus Johannes Teutonicus, and the tions of any See also:

• DIRECT

direct intervention of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, except perhaps for See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous glossator (in Uguccio's See also:

• GREAT

Great Summa of The the examination of See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine . At See also:

• GOSLAR

Goslar (1051–1052) the See also:

• PRO

pro- the Decretzm) declare that impenitent heretics may, Council ceedings were the same . At See also:

• ASTI (anc. Hasta)

Asti (10J4) the bishop's name or even should, be punished by death . As early as of Tours, appears See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with those of the other lords who attacked 1163, the council of Tours suggested to the ecclesiastical 116,3. the Cathari, but it seems clear that it was not he who had the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authorities definite penalties to be inflicted on heretics, namely, See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice in their See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution; at Milan, it was again the See also:

• CIVIL

civil magis- imprisonment and loss of all their property . See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope Alexander trates, and this time against the wish of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop—who III., who had attended the council of Tours of 1163, re-gave the heretics the choice between the See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration of the See also:

• CROSS

cross newed at the Lateran council (1179) the decisions which and death .

At See also:

• SOISSONS

Soissons (1114) the See also:

• MOB

mob, distrusting the weakness had already been made with regard to the heterodox of the clergy, took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of their bishop's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of France, and at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona in 1184 heretics at the stake . It was also the mob who, infuriated at Pope See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius III., in concert with the emperor seeing him destroy and burn crosses, burnt the hwesiarch Peter See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa, took still more severe See also:

• MEASURES

measures: of Bruis (c . 1140) . At Liege (1144) the bishop saved from the obstinate heretics were to be excommunicated, and flames certain persons whom the faithful were attempting to then handed over to the secular arm, which would burn . At Cologne (1163) the archbishop was less successful, and the mob put the heretics to death without even a trial . The condemnation of Arnold of Brescia was entirely See also:

• POLITICAL

political, though he was denounced as a heretic to the secular arm by Bernard of Clairvaux, and his execution was the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of t he See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (1155) . At Vezclay, on the contrary (1167). the See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

Definition of the See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure under Lucius IIi and the Emperor Frederick 1 . inflict a suitable penalty . The emperor, on his side, laid them under the imperial See also:

• BAN

ban (exile, confiscation, demolition of their houses, infamia, loss of civil rights, disqualification from 1 See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre de Beauvoisis (?), See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master (See also:

• GRAND

grand-chantre) of the university of Paris (1184), bishop of See also:

• TOURNAI (Flemish Doornik)

Tournai (1191), of Paris (1;96) ; died as_• a Cistercian in 1197 . [le was beatified . public offices, &c.) . The usage, then, was already quite clear; but the death penalty had not as yet been demanded The death or inflicted .

Possibly it was Count See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond V. of penalty . Toulouse, in whose territories heretics abounded, who in 1194 enacted a law threatening them with the penalty of death; but the authenticity of this act has been questioned . It was more probably Peter II. of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon who was the first to See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree, in 1197, the punishment of death by burning against the heretics who should not have See also:

• LEFT

left his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom within a given time . But it was Innocent III. who gave the most powerful impetus to the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-heretical See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement Innocent ui. in the secular See also:

• WORLD

world by his frequent exhortations (beginning in 1198) to the secular princes (letters of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 25th, 119o, and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 22nd, 1207) . As a jurist he henceforward assimilated the crime of high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason against See also:

• GOD

God to that of high treason against temporal rulers, and admitted all the terrible consequences of this assimilation . It is therefore incorrect to believe that the Inquisition arose out of, and at the time of, the crusade against the Albigenses . These executions en masse certainly created a definitive precedent for violent repression, but there was still sign crusade. no See also:

• REGULAR

regular organization: the council of Toulouse, No regu- held in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1229 by the Roman See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate after the Mr In- treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, attempted to organize one, and qulsuion. constituted itself the tribunal . But the procedure was still uncertain; in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, from 1200 to 1222, at Paris (execution of the disciples of Amalric of Bena), at See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, See also:

• CAMBRAI

Cambrai, See also:

• TROYES

Troyes and See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon executions took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, after trials in which the bishops were the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, the exercise of the secular power being based on vague phrases in the decrees of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VIII . (that heretics be punished animadversione debita), or in those of Louis IX., ordering his baillis or barons to do to them quod debebunt . The emperor Frederick II. defined his See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence The more clearly: from 1220 to 1239, supported by Pope Emperor See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius III., and above all by See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory IX., he Frederick established against the heretics of the Empire in ll general a legislation in which the penalties of death, banishment and confiscation of property were formulated so clearly as to be henceforth incontestable . Gregory IX. See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt his influence, and also that of the Dominican Guala, bishop of Brescia, who had subjected his episcopal See also:

• TOWN

town to the full rigour of the imperial See also:

• LAWS

laws . The pope no longer hesitated as to the principle or the degree of repression; but introduced new methods of inquiry and judgment: he created out of the material furnished him by the mendicant orders, and especially the See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans, who were more disciplined than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest and better theologians, the monastic inquisition, which was more elastic, from place to place .

On arriving in a See also:

• DISTRICT

district they addressed its inhabitants, called upon them to confess, if they were heretics, or to denounce those whom they knew to be heretics: a " time of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace " was opened, during which those who freely confessed were dispensed from all penalties, or only given a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret and very See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance; while those whose heresy had been openly manifested were exempted from the penalties of death and perpetual imprisonment . But this time could not exceed one See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . After that began the inquisition . As soon as their See also:

• MISSION

mission was at an end, and heresy was considered to be stamped out, the inquisitors left the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Later, inquisitorial districts were formed . The seat of the Inquisition in each district was the monastery of /torla/ tl~~lsl- the order (Dominican or Franciscan) to which the districts. inquisitors for that part belonged . There was never any See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court or prison: the mucus (prison) was See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent to the Inquisition by the ecclesiastical or secular authorities . The See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the prisoners and the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of providing the prison See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in principle upon the bishops (council of Toulouse, 1229), but they tried to evade it . The See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of France, and in particular Louis VIII., granted subsidies to the The See also:

• LIMA

lima. inquisitors . For each district the inquisitors were sitorsand chosen by the provincials of their order, approved their or rejected by the pope, and removable by him only. auxill-Their discretionary See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers were See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute . They axles. conducted their interrogations before two persons (laymen or ecclesiastics) and only pronounced their sentence after consultation with leading men in the district (communicato bonorum virorum consilio) . This was the only See also:

• PROTECTION

protection for the accused .

It was in vain that the civil lawyers tried to prove that the secular authorities had a right to see the documents bearing on the case; the Inquisition always succeeded in setting aside these claims . The See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share taken in the proceedings by the bishops, the accused or their representatives, though admitted in principle, was as a See also:

• RULE

rule merely illusory . The Inquisition had in addition to these See also:

• BONI (Bone)

boni viii certain other lay assistant officials, its sworn notaries, messengers and familiars, all of whom were closely See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to it . Bernard See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy (Bernardus Guidonis),i one of the earliest and most complete exponents of the theory of the Inquisition, admits distinctly that in its procedure multa sunt procedure specialia . The procedure was secret and in the of the highest degree arbitrary, proceeding sine sire See also:

• PINT (derived probably through Spanish, from Lat. pincta, pitta, a painted or marked vessel)

pint et /nqulsifigura judicii, its See also:

• OBJECT

object being to ascertain not so tion. much particular offences as tendencies: the murderers of the inquisitor Peter See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr 2 were tried, not as assassins, but as guilty of heresy and adversaries of the Inquisition; and on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, See also:

• EXTERNAL

external acts of piety and verbal professions of faith were held of no value . Moreover the Inquisition was not bound by the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary rules of procedure in its inquiries: the accused was surprised by a sudden See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons, and as a rule imprisoned on suspicion . All the accused were presumed to be guilty, the See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge being at the same time the accuser . Absence was naturally considered as See also:

• CONTUMACY (Lat. contumacia, obstinacy; derived from the root tem-, as in temnere,' t'o_despise, or possibly from the root tum-, as in tumere, to swell, with anger, &c.)

contumacy, and only increased the presumption of See also:

• GUILT

guilt by seeming to admit it . The accused had the right to demand a written See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the offences attributed to him (capitula accusations), but the names of the witnesses were withheld from him (Innocent IV.; bulls Cum negocium and Licet sieut accepimus), he did not know who had denounced him, nor what See also:

• WEIGHT

weight was attached by the judges to the denunciations made against him . The utmost that was allowed him was the unsatisfactory See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of the recusationes divinatrices, i.e. at his first examination he was asked for the names of any enemies of whom he knew, and the causes of their enmity . Heretics or persons deprived of civil rights (infames) were admitted as witnesses in cases of heresy . See also:

• WOMEN

Women, See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children or slaves could be witnesses for the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution, but not for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and cases are even to be found in which the witnesses were only ten years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age .

Langhino Ugolini states that a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness who should retract his hostile See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence should be punished for false witness; but that his evidence should be retained, and have its full effect on the sentence . No witness might refuse to give evidence, under See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of being considered guilty of heresy . The prosecution went on in the utmost secrecy . The accused swore that he would tell the whole truth, and was bound to denounce all those 1 He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born c . 1261, was a Dominican at See also:

• LIMOGES

Limoges in 1279, successively See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of See also:

• ALBI

Albi (1294), See also:

• CARCASSONNE

Carcassonne (1297), See also:

• CASTRES

Castres (1301) and Limoges (1305), inquisitor at Toulouse (1307), bishop of See also:

• TUY

Tuy (1323) and of See also:

• LODEVE

Lodeve (1325) . He died in 1331 . 2 Peter, a Dominican, born at Verona, was murdered near Milan in 1252 and canonized in 1253 . Gregory IX. creates the monistic Inquisition . The Domi- nicans. more See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant in its activities and more numerous than the inquisition by legate, and better disciplined than the episcopal inquisition . In November 1232 the Dominican Alberic went See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy with the title of Inquisitor haereticae pravitatis . In 1231 a similar See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was given to the Dominicans of Friesach and to the terrible See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad of See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, whose zeal in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany even exceeded the pope's wishes . In 1233 Gregory IX. addressed a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to the bishops in the south of France, in which he announced his intention of employing the See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching friars in future for the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery and repression of heresy .

The inquisition was now regularly instituted, but its See also:

• JURIS

juris- prudence was elaborated by successive additions or limitations, by the force of See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom and the detailed prescriptions Beginnings added by the papal constitutions . The pope's See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn- of the -a- missioners " in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of heresy " at first travelled quisition . who were partners of his heresy, or whom he knew or suspected to be heretics . If he confessed, and denounced his accomplices, relatives or See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, he was " reconciled " with the Church, and had to suffer only the humiliating penalties prescribed by the canon law . If further examination proved necessary, it was continued by various methods . Bernardus Guidonis enumerates many ways of obtaining confessions, sometimes by means of moral subterfuges, but sometimes also by a process of weakening the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical strength . And as a last expedient See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture was resorted to . The Church was originally opposed to torture, and the canon law did not admit confessions extorted by that means; but by the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Ad extir- See also:

• PANDA (Aelurus fulgens)

panda (1252) Innocent IV. approved its use for the discovery of heresy, and See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban IV. confirmed this usage, which had its origin in secular legislation (cf. the Veronese Code of 1228, and Sicilian Constitution of Frederick II. in 1231) . In 1312 excessive See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty had to be suppressed by the council of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . Canonic- ally the torture could only be applied once, but it might be " continued." The next step was the torture of witnesses, a practice which was left to the discretion of the inquisitors . Moreover, all confessions or depositions extorted in the torture- chamber had subsequently to be " freely " confirmed . The See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession was always considered as voluntary .

The procedure was of course not litigious; any lawyer defending the accused would have been held guilty of heresy . The inquiry might last a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time, for it was interrupted or resumed according to the discretion of the judges, who disposed matters so as to obtain as many confessions or denunciations as possible . After the different phases of the examination, the accused were divided into two categories: (1) those who had confessed and abjured, (2) those who had not confessed and were consequently convicted of heresy . There was a third class, by no means the least numerous, namely, those who having previously confessed and abjured had relapsed into See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error . Next came the moment of the sentence: " there was never any case of an acquittal pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple " (H . C . See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea) . The See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula for full and complete acquittal given by Bernardus Guidonis in his Practica, should, he says, never or very rarely be employed . The sentences were solemnly pronounced on a See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday, in a church or public place, in the presence of the inquisitors, their auxiliaries, the This was the sermo generalis (see AUTO DA xi) . The accused who had confessed were reconciled, and the penalties were then pronounced; these were, in order of severity, penances, See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting, prayers, pilgrimages (See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James of Compostella, See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, &c.), public scourging, the compulsory wearing on the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast or back of crosses of yellow felt sewn on to the clothes or sometimes of See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues of red, letters, &c . These were the poenaeconfusibiles (humiliating) . The inquisitors eventually acquired the right of inflicting fines at discretion .

In 1244 and 1251 Innocent IV. reproved them for their exactions . All these See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor penalties could be commuted for payments in See also:

• MONEY

money in the same way as See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution from the crusader's See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow, and the council of Vienna tried to put an end to these extortions . Beyond these minor penalties came the severer ones of imprisonment for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of time, perpetual imprisonment and imprisonment of various degrees of severity (murus See also:

• LARGUS, SCRIBONIUS

largus, murus strictus vel strictissimus) . The murus strictus consisted in the deepest See also:

• DUNGEON

dungeon, with single or See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double fetters, and " the See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• WATER

water of affliction "; but the severity of the prison regime varied very much . The murus largus, especially for a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich prisoner, amounted to a fairly mild imprisonment, but the mortality among those confined in the murus strictus became so high that See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement V. ordered an inquiry to be made into the prison regime in See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc, in spite of Bernard Guy's protest against the investigation as likely to diminish the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of the inquisitors . After the sentences had been pronounced, the obstinate heretics and renegades were for the last time called upon to submit and to confess and abjure . If they consented, they were received as penitents, and condemned on the spot to perpetual imprisonment; if they did not consent, they were handed over to the secular arm . When the heretic was handed over to the secular arm, the agents of the secular power were recommended to punish him debita animadversione, and the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of recommending him to See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy was gone through . But, as M . Vacandard says, " If the secular judges had thought See also:

• FIT

fit to take this formula literally, they would soon have been brought back to a recognition of the true See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs by excommunication." In effect, handing over to the secular arm was See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to a sentence of death, and of death by fire . The Dominican See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• SPRENGER, JAKOB (fl. 1500)

Sprenger, provincial of his order in Germany (1494) and inquisitor, does not hesitate to speak of the victims quas incinerari fecimus (" whom we [the inquisitors] caused to be burnt to ashes ") . But we must accept the conclusions of H.C .

Lea and Vacandard that comparatively few people suffered at the stake in the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Inquisition . Between 1308 and 1323, Bernard Guy, who cannot be accused of inactivity, only handed over to the secular arm 42 persons, out of 930 who were convicted of heresy . From the point of view of jurisprudence of the Inquisition, the confiscation of the condemned See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's property by the ecclesiastical and secular powers is only the See also:

• ACCOMPANIMENT (i.e. that which " accompanies ")

accompaniment to the more severe penalties of perpetual imprisonment or death; but from the point of view of its economic See also:

• HISTORY

history the importance of the confiscation is supreme . The practice originated in the Roman law, and all secular princes had already, in their own See also:

• INTEREST

interest, recognized it as lawful (Frederick Barbarossa, Decree of Verona; Louis VIII., ordinances of 1226, 1229; Louis IX., See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of 1234; Raymond VII. of Toulouse, &c.) . In the kingdom of France there was a special official, the procureur See also:

• DES

des encours (confiscation in the matter of heresy), whose duty it was to collect the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal property of the heretics, and to incorporate their landed estates in the royal domain; in Languedoc crying abuses arose, especially under the reign of See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse of See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers . Soon the papacy managed to gain a share Abase of the spoils, even outside the states of the Church, ystem. as is shown by the bulls ad extirpanda of Innocent IV . and Alexander IV., and henceforward the inquisitors had, in varying proportions, a direct interest in these spoliations . In See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain this See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division only applied to the property of the clergy and vassals of the Church, but in France, Italy and Germany, the property of all those convicted of heresy was shared between the lay and ecclesiastical authorities . See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice alone decided that all the receipts of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office should be handed over in full to the state . Clement V., in his attempted reform and regularization of inquisitorial procedure, endeavoured to reduce the confiscations to a fairly reasonable minimum, and in 1337—1338 a series of papal inquiries was held into this See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial aspect of the matter . The See also:

• ASSIZE

Assize of See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

Clarendon, the Constitutions of Frederick II . (1232) and of Count Raymond of Toulouse (1234) had also come to a See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint decision with the councils on this question .

King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. of France prevailed upon the papacy to abolish this regulation (1378) . Confiscation was, indeed, most profitable to the secular princes, and there is no doubt that the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of considerable gain was what induced many princes to uphold the inquisitorial See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, Economic especially in the days of the decay of faith . The and poliuresistance of the south of France to the Capetian calim- monarchs was to a large extent broken owing to the portance decimation of the bourgeoisie by the Inquisition of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system. and their impoverishment by the extortions of the encours . The same was the case in certain of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian re-publics; while in districts such as the north of France, where heretics were both poor and few and far between, the Inquisition did not easily take See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, nor did it prove very profitable . These confiscations, the importance of which in the political and economic history of the middle ages was first shown fully by H . C . Lea, were a constant source of uncertainty in transactions of all kinds; there was, for instance, always a See also:

• RISK

risk in entering into a See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract in a place where the existence of heretics was suspected, since any contract entered into with a heretic was void in itself . Nor was there any more See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security in the trans-mission of inheritances for See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous trials were frequent; Use of torture . Punish- bishops the secular magistrates and the people. merits, " Handing over to the secular arm." Punishment by confiscation of goods . the See also:

• LIBER

Liber sententiarum inquisitions of Bernardus Guidonis (1307—1323) records sentences pronounced after death against 39 persons during a period of 15 years . But not only was their property confiscated and their heirs disinherited; they were subject to still further penalties . Frederick II. extended to heresy the application of the Roman law disqualifying from holding office, and even included under its operation the children and grandchildren of the guilty man .

Alexander IV. and See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface VIII. lightened the severity of this law, and removed certain disqualifications, notably in the case of ecclesiastical offices and property . Among other See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory penalties, we must See also:

• NOTICE

notice the See also:

• CON

con- demnation of books . There were many precedents for this: Constantine had had the Arian writings burnt, Condem- Theodosius II. and Valentinian III. those of the nation of books . See also:

• NESTORIANS

Nestorians and Manichaeans, Justinian the See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud . In 1210 were burnt the books of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David of See also:

• DINANT

Dinant and the Periphyseon of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle . In 1255 the De periculis novissimorum temporum of William of St Amour' was burnt by order of Pope Alexander IV., and from 1248 to 1319 was pronounced a series of condemnations of the Talmud . See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Eymerich (c . 1320-1399), the Spanish inquisitor, demanded from Pope Gregory XI. the condemnation of Raymond See also:

• LULLY

Lully's books, and in 1376 obtained it, but before long the Lullists returned into favour with the pope and Eymerich was banished . This rebuff suffered by an inquisitor shows how uncertain the censure of books still was, even in a country where in less than two centuries' time it was to become one of the chief See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres of inquisitorial activity . The definite object of the Inquisition was the prosecution of heresy; but its See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of action was gradually extended by the theologians and casuists until sorcery and magic sorcery ranked with dogmatic heresy . The council of See also:

• VALENCE

Valence sad See also:

• EMS

ems* . (1248) dealt with sorcerers as well as sacrilegious per- sons, but did not treat them as heretics .

Alexander IV. went further, declaring that See also:

• DIVINATION
• DIVINATION, OMEN, ASTROLOGY

divination and sorcery should only come within the competence of the inquisitor when they directly affected the unity or faith of the Church (9th See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1257; cf. bull Quod super nonnullis, loth See also:

• JANUARY

January 126o) . Cases of simple sorcery were left to be dealt with by the ordinary judges . The distinction was very subtle, but it was not tampered with until 1451, at which date Nicholas V. gave the inquisitor See also:

• HUGUES, CLOVIS (1851-1907)

Hugues Lenoir the See also:

• COGNIZANCE (Lat. cognoscere, to know)

cognizance of cases of divination, even when the crime did not savour of heresy . In dealing with such a subtle question, great See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations had naturally arisen in practice, and the repression of sorcery was carried on jointly by the inquisitors, the bishops and the secular courts . John XXII., in consequence of a perfect epidemic of sorcery about 1320, handed over to the inquisitors for a time (1320—1333) all cases of crimes involving magic; but this measure was temporary and exceptional and only confirms the rule . There were various occasions during the middle ages when men's minds became infatuated, and it seemed as if the See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

scourge of magic were likely entirely to destroy the Catholic faith; and during such times, morbidly infected with fear and the spirit of persecution, the ecclesiastical judges regained all their prestige . One of these crises culminated in the affair of the " Vauderie "2 of See also:

• ARRAS

Arras (14J9), in which twelve unfortunates perished at the stake; and there were similar occurrences at the same period in See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine and See also:

• GASCONY (Wasconia)

Gascony; of this nature again was the violent persecution in the Germanic countries begun by the bull Summis desiderantes of Innocent VIII . (5th December 1484), in the course of which the two authors of the Malleus maleficorum, the inquisitors Sprenger and Institoris (Heinrich Kramer), distinguished themselves as much by their knowledge of theoretical See also:

• DEMONOLOGY (L1alµwv, demon, genius, spirit)

demonology as by their zeal as persecutors . In France ' See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume de St Amour (d . 1272), named after his birthplace in the See also:

• JURA
• JURA (" deer island ")

Jura. was canon of See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais and See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university of Paris . He was conspicuous as the See also:

• MOUTHPIECE (Fr. embouchure; Ger. Mundstuck; Ital. bocchino)

mouthpiece of the secular clergy in their attacks on the mendicant orders, the Dominicans in particular . 2 The name of vauderie, i.e. the Vaudois or Waldensian heresy, had come to be used of See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft.the secular authority was not long in claiming and obtaining jurisdiction over sorcerers (See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Paris, 1374), and as early as 1378 the university of Paris gave judgment in a case of demonology .

Those unfortunates who were charged with sorcery gained, however, nothing by this See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of jurisdiction, for they were invariably put to death . The inquisitors could not take proceedings against See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews as such . They might profess their See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and observe its See also:

• RITES

rites without being in a state of heresy; they were only The In-heretic when they attacked the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian faith or quisition community, made proselytes, or returned to Judaism and the after being converted . Further, those who practised Jews. See also:

• USURY

usury were " suspected of not holding very orthodox doctrine as to See also:

• THEFT

theft " (Vacandard), and on this account the Inquisition gained a hold on them . Pope Martin V . (6th November 1419) authorized inquisitors to take proceedings against usurers . But these are merely extensions of competence resulting from the See also:

• WORKS

works of the casuists; the Inquisition was primarily the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument for the repression of all kinds of breaches Treatment of orthodoxy . Its See also:

• WORK

work in this capacity we will now of heresy describe in outline for each of the great countries of in the medieval Christendom . England, whether before or various after the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Inquisition, had but few countries. trials for heresy and, particularist in this as in all her religious activity, judged them according to her own discipline, without asking Rome for laws or special judges . In 1166, a England. few heretics having been apprehended, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. called a council at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and summoned them to appear before it; they all confessed, and were condemned to be scourged, branded on the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face with the See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key, and expelled from the country, and by the 21st See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of the Assize of Clarendon the king forbade any one to harbour on their lands or in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house any " of that See also:

• SECT

sect of renegades who had been excommunicated at Oxford . " Any one offending against this law was to be " at the king's mercy " and his house was to be " carried outside the town and burnt." The sheriffs were obliged to swear observance of this law and to require a similar See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath from all barons' stewards, knights and See also:

• FREE

free tenants . This was the first civil law against heresy since the end of the Roman empire, and preceded the famous rescripts of Frederick II. against sectaries in the 13th century .

It should, however, be noted that the political acts of Henry II. and Frederick II. See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew down the most explicit condemnation of the church . Orthodoxy remained almost unimpaired in England up till the time of Wycliffe . Apparently neither the Catharist, Waldensian nor Pantheistic heresies gained any footing in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The affair of the See also:

• TEMPLARS

Templars in France, which was quite political, was repeated in England; Clement V. having ordered their See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest, See also:

• EDWARD

Edward II., after much hesitation, gave orders to the sheriffs to execute it and then decided that the ecclesiastical law should be applied . The papal inquisitors sent to England met with a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad reception, and the pope was obliged to forbid them to use torture, which was contrary to the laws of the kingdom . It was found impossible to establish the Templars' guilt and only canonical penalties were inflicted on them . The rising of the See also:

• LOLLARDS

Lollards having alarmed both the church and the state, the article De haeretico comburendo was established by See also:

• STATUTE

statute in 1401, and gained a See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy notoriety during the religious struggles of the 16th century; it seems to have been not so much a measure for the safeguarding of See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma as a violent assertion of the secular See also:

• ABSOLUTISM

absolutism . It was not till 1676 that Charles II. caused it to be abrogated, and obtained„ a decision that in cases of See also:

• ATHEISM (from Gr. as, privative, and Oebs, God)

atheism, See also:

• BLASPHEMY (through the Fr. from Gr. PXaa4o ta, profane language, slander, probably derived from root of )3X

blasphemy, heresy, See also:

• SCHISM

schism and other religious offences, the ecclesiastical courts should be confined to the penalties of excommunication, removal from office, degradation and other ecclesiastical means of censure, to the exclusion of the death penalty . See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland was much later than England in giving up persecution and See also:

• BLOOD

blood- Scotland . See also:

• SHED

shed; and so See also:

• LATE

late as 1696 a student of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine aged eighteen and named Aikenhead was accused of heresy and hanged at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh . In See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard de Lederede or Ledred, a Franciscan and bishop of See also:

• OSSORY (Osraighe)
• OSSORY, THOMAS BUTLER, EARL OF (1634-1680)

Ossory, in 1324 prosecuted on suspicion of heresy and for sorcery a certain See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame Alice See also:

• KETTLE, SIR RUPERT ALFRED (1817-1894)

Kettle or Kyteler and her accomplices, Petronilla of See also:

• MEATH (pronounced with th soft, as in the)

Meath and her daughter Bassilla, who were accused of holding " nightly Ireland. See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference with a spirit called Robert Artisson, to whom she sacrificed in the high way nine red cocks and nine peacocks' eyes." The See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady had powerful connexions, and her See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-law, Arnold le Powre, See also:

• SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. form, mod. senechal, of the Low Lat. senescalcus, a word of Teutonic origin, meaning " old or senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, flock, herd, must be rejected)

seneschal of See also:

• KILKENNY
• KILKENNY, STATUTE OF

Kilkenny, even went so far as to imprison the bishop . But in spite of the refusal of the secular authorities to co-operate with him, the bishop was strong enough to force them in 1325 to burn some of the accused .

Dame Kettle herself, however, who had been cited to appear at See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin before the See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean of St See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick's, escaped with the assistance of some of the nobles to England . Mean-while the bishop, who had attempted to involve Arnold le Powre in the same See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, became involved in a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the administrators of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in Ireland; See also:

• COUNTER

counter charges were brought against him, he was excommunicated by his See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan, Alexander de Bicknor, archbishop of Dublin; and in See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance of the king's commands, after See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing counter charges against the archbishop, he appealed to Rome and left the country . In 1335 See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict XII. wrote to Edward III. deploring the absence of any inquisition in the king's dominions, and exhorting him to lend the aid of the secular arm in repressing heresy . Archbishop Alexander, who in 1347 was denounced as an See also:

• ABETTOR (from " to abet," O. Fr. abeter, d and beter, to bait, urge dogs upon any one ; this word is probably of Scandinavian origin, meaning to cause to bite)

abettor of heresy, died in 1349, and his successor was ordered to chastise those heretics who had taken See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the diocese from Richard de Lederede's violence, and whom his predecessor had protected . Finally, in 1354, Richard de Lederede himself was allowed to return to his diocese, where his zeal for persecution does not, however, seem to have found much further See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope . He died in 1360 . The See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the activities of the monastic Inquisition in France lay chiefly in the south . The repression of the Albigensian France. heresy (see ALBIGENSES) went on even when its importance had quite disappeared . The See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of the inquisitor Guilhem Pelhisso (d . 1268) shows us the most tragic episodes of the reign of terror which wasted Languedoc for a century . Guillaume See also:

• ARNAUD, HENRI (1641-1721)

Arnaud, Peter See also:

• CELLA

Cella, Bernard of Caux . See also:

• JEAN

Jean de St Pierre, Nicholas of See also:

• ABBEVILLE

Abbeville, Foulques de St Georges, were the chief of the inquisitors who played the part of absolute dictators, burning at the stake, attacking both the living and the dead, confiscating their property and See also:

• LAND

land, and enclosing the inhabitants both of the towns and the country in a network of suspicion and denunciation .

The secular authorities were of the utmost assistance to them in this task; owing to the confiscations, the crown had too direct an interest in the success of the inquisitorial trials not to connive at all their abuses . Under the regency of Alphonse of Poitiers Languedoc was regularly laid under contribution by the procureur des cucours . There were frequent attempts at See also:

• RETALIATION

retaliation, directed for the most part against the inquisitors, and isolated attacks were made on Dominicans . In 1234—1235 there were regular risings of the people at Albi and See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne, which forced the inquisitors to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat . In 1235 the inquisitors were driven out of Toulouse . These risings were followed by terrible measures of repression, which, in turn, led to violent outbreaks on the part of the relatives, friends or compatriots of the sufferers . During the See also:

• NIGHT

night of the 28th or 29th of May 1242 the inquisitors and their agents were massacred at the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Avignonet . This See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre led to a persecution which went on without opposition and almost without a See also:

• LULL (or LvLLY), RAIMON, or RAYMOND (c. 1235-1315)

lull for nearly fifty years . At the beginning of the 14th century the terrified people found a defender in the heroic Franciscan Bernard Delicieux . For a moment King Philip the See also:

• FAIR

Fair and Pope Clement V. seemed to interest themselves in the misfortunes of Languedoc, and the king of France sent down reformers; but they had no effect, their activity being restrained by the king himself, who was alarmed at a separatist movement which was arising in Languedoc . The work of repression which followed this moment of hope was carried out, between 1308 and 1323, by the inquisitor Bernard Guy, and completed the destruction of the Catharist heresy, the appearances of which after the middle of the 14th century became less and less frequent . Other heretics, for a time at least,took their place, namely the Spirituals, who had See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed out of a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans, and were remotely disciples of See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim, abbot of See also:

• FLORIS, FRANS

Floris (q.v.), and whom their rigid rule of absolute poverty led, by a reaction against the cupidity of the ordinary ecclesiastics, to repudiate any See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy and to uphold the doctrines of Peter John de See also:

• OLIVA, FERNAN PEREZ DE (1492?-1530)

Oliva against the word of the pope .

On the 17th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1317 John XXII. condemned all these irregular followers of St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis, " See also:

• FRATICELLI (plural diminutive of Ital. frate, brother)

fraticelli, fratres de paupere vita, bizochi or beghini," and the Inquisition of Languedoc was at once set in See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion against them . Four spirituales were burnt at See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles in 1318, and soon the persecution was extended to the Franciscan beguins or tertiarii, many people being burnt about 1320 at Narbonne, Lunel, See also:

• BEZIERS

Beziers, Carcassonne, &c . The persecution stopped for lack of an object, for the small groups of beguins were soon destroyed, and those of the Spirituales who were not sent to the stake or to prison were compelled by the papacy to enter other orders than the Franciscan . The Waldenses (q.v) were more difficult to destroy: originally less dangerous to the church than the Cathari, they resisted longer, and their dispersal in scattered communities aided their long resistance . In the north of France the workings of the Inquisition were very intermittent; for there were fewer heretics there than in the south, and as they were poorer, there was less zeal on the part of the secular arm to persecute them . At its outset, how-ever, the Inquisition in the north of France was marked by a series of melancholy events: the inquisitor Robert le Bougre, formerly a Catharist, spent six years (1233—1239) in going through the See also:

• NIVERNAIS, LOUIS CHARLES BARBON MANCINI MAZARINI

Nivernais, See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, Flanders and See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, burning at the stake in every place unfortunates whom he condemned without a judgment, supported as he was by the ecclesiastical authorities and by princes such as See also:

• THEOBALD, (d. 1161)
• THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744)

Theobald of Champagne . The pope was forced to put a check on his zeal, and, after an inquiry, condemned him to imprisonment for See also:

• LIFE

life . We know that there were inquisitors settled in Ile de France, See also:

• ORLEANAIS

Orleanais, See also:

• TOURAINE

Touraine, See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine and Burgundy during the 12th century, but we know next to nothing of what they did . In the 14th century, the Flemish and German heresies of the Free Spirit made their appearance in France; in 1310 a heretic named See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite Porette was burnt at Paris, and in 1373 another named Jeanne See also:

• DAUBENTON

Daubenton, both of whom seem to have professed a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of rudimentary See also:

• PANTHEISM (Gr. 7rav, all, Oeos, god)

pantheism, the latter being the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a sect called the Turlupins . The Turlupins reappeared in 1421 at Arras and See also:

• DOUAI

Douai and were persecuted in a similar way . But in the 15th century, with the exception of a few condemnations aimed against the See also:

• HUSSITES

Hussites, the Inquisition acted but feebly against heresy, which, as in the famous case of the " Vauderie of Arras, was often nothing but fairly ordinary sorcery . From the middle of the 14th century onward, the parlement had taken upon itself the right of See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing appeals from persons sentenced by the Inquisition .

And the University again, by its See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, escaped the jurisdiction of the Inquisition . It was these two great bodies which at the time of the Re-formation took the place of the Inquisition in dealing with heresy . In Italy heresy not infrequently took on a social or political See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; it was sometimes almost indistinguishable from the opposition of the Ghibellines or the communalist Italy spirit of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . Lombardy, besides a number of Cathari, contained a certain number of vaguely-defined sects against whom the efforts of the Apostolic Visitors sent by Innocent III. were not of much effect . From the very earlie days of the Inquisition, John of See also:

• VICENZA

Vicenza, See also:

• ROLAND
• ROLAND, LEGEND OF

Roland of Cremon and Rassiero Sacchoni directed their persecutions against Lombardy, and especially against Milan . St Peter Martyr, who was conspicuous for his bigoted violence, was assassinated in 1252 . On the loth of March 1256 Alexander IV. ordered the provincial of the See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

friar preachers of Lombardy to increase the-number of inquisitors in that See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province from four to eight . At See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence both heresy and Ghibellinism were alike crushed by the terrible severities of Fra Ruggieri, and indulgences were promised to all who should aid in the extinction of heresy in See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany . Certain districts revolted against this violence, which threatened to devastate Italy as it had devastated See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence; in 1277 Fra Corrado Pagano was killed on an expedition against the heretics of the Vattelline, and two years after the people of See also:

• PARMA

Parma See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose against the inquisitors . Besides, this reign of terror only raised to a furious See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch the passionate and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent piety of the Italian peoples . The See also:

• BODY

body of a heretic, Armanno Ponzilupo, who was killed at See also:

• FERRARA

Ferrara in 1269, was venerated by the people, and his See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation was even invoked, until the Inquisition had to suppress this cult . But it had a harder struggle against the successes of See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard Legarelli, and especially Dolcino (see See also:

• APOSTOLICI, APOSTOLIC BRETHREN

APOSTOLICI), which only came to an end after a long and difficult trial of the adepts of the Messianist sect of Guglielma, some of whom belonged to the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families of Lombardy .

Up till the beginning of the 14th century, how-ever, the power of the Inquisition steadily increased, and at this period Zanghino Ugolini appeared as the most skilful exponent of its theory and procedure . About the same time Charles of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou introduced the Inquisition into the Two Sicilies, but it could rarely effect anything there; the religious cohesion of the country was weak. and refugees were sure of safe hiding, both \Valdenses and Fraticelli being frequently harboured there . When See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily passed into the hands of Peter III. of Aragon, moreover, it came into a position of open hostility to the Holy See and became a refuge for heretics . Venice always preserved its See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy as regards the repression of heresy; she was perfectly orthodox, but remained entirely independent of Rome; Innocent IV. sent inquisitors there, but the heretics continued actually to be subject to the secular tribunals . In 1288 a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise was arrived at, and the papal Inquisition was admitted into the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, but only on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that it should remain under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the secular power; thus there was established a mixed regime which survived till the last days of the Venetian state . In See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy the Inquisition constantly carried on severe measures against the Waldenses of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps . During the 14th and 15th centuries there was an uninterrupted See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of trials . As regards the papal states, " it was in the nature of things that, by a confusion of the two personages, the pope should consider all opposition to him qua Italian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince as States resistance offered to the head of the church, i.e. to thenobles having offered him resistance, he preached a crusade against them, but died by the hand of an See also:

• ASSASSIN (properly Hashish n, from Hashish, the opiate made from the juice of hemp leaves)

assassin . The council of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz (See also:

• APRIL

April 1234) dealt gently with Conrad's murderers, but severely with the false witnesses whom he had employed . Shortly before (February 1234), the See also:

• DIET

diet of See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort had decided, in spite of the pope's injunctions, that the destruction of heresy should be entrusted to the ordinary magistrates . And besides, thanks to the struggle between the Empire and the papacy, the German prelates always limited the prerogatives of the papal Inquisition . Again, by the municipal laws of the north (Sachsenspiegel) the ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the matter of heresy was very much limited, while the Schwabenspiegel (municipal laws for See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Germany) does not seem to be aware of the existence of any inquisitional jurisdiction or procedure .

When in the 14th century communities of Beghards developed with extraordinary rapidity, it was the episcopal authority, both at Cologne and Strassburg, which undertook to See also:

• DEAL

deal with these groups of sectaries, and at the very height of the conflict between the Empire and the papacy . Marsilius of See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, the theoretical exponent of the imperial rights, attributes to the secular judge the right and See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation to punish heresy, the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest's role being merely advisory . In 1353 Innocent VI. tried to implant the papal Inquisition in Germany once for all; its success was but See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, and Urban V.'s See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt in 1362 succeeded little better, in spite of the fact that Charles IV . (edicts of Lucca, See also:

• JUNE

June 1369) gave him the support of the secular power . Towards 1372, however, Gregory XI. succeeded in regularizing the exercise of the powers of the papal inquisitors on German See also:

• SOIL

soil; and the latter, notably Kerlinger, Hetstede, &c., set to work to destroy the communities of the Beghards, to burn their books, to See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close those beguinages which were under suspicion, and to check by more or less violent means mystical epidemics such as those of the " See also:

• FLAGELLANTS (from Lat. flagellare, to whip)

flagellants," " dancers," &c . But these measures provoked angry protests from the people, the secular magistrates and even the bishops, so that Gregory XI., perceiving that he was face to face with the popular party, invited the bishops to control the inquiries of his own envoys . At the end of the 15th century the two inquisitions were acting con-currently . In Bohemia and the provinces subject to it the Waldenses had found their chosen country, and by the middle of the 13th century their propaganda was very flourishing . In Bohemia . 1245 Innocent IV. ordered the bishops to prosecute them with the aid of the secular arm, and in 12J7, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of King Premysl Ottokar II., Alexander IV. introduced the Inquisition into Bohemia . But from this date till 1335 inquisitorial See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions succeeded one another without effecting any sensible diminution in the material and moral strength of the heresy . The Waldenses had been joined by other sectaries, the Luciferani, and especially the Brethren of the Free Spirit .

It was in vain that the bishops of Bohemia and See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia carried on during the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 14th century an active See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against heresy; the spirit of See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism which had arisen with regard to the morals, and even to the dogmas of the church, was already preparing the way for Hussitism . In the regions See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Adriatic, Catharism, the first communities of which had very probably settled here, was supreme in the time of Innocent III. and Honorius III . The first Dominicans who established themselves in these parts had much to suffer from the aggression of those very heretics whom they had come to convert . Gregory XI., implacable in his persecution of Catharism, preached a crusade against them in 1234, and Bosnia was laid See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste by fire and See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword . But in spite of these violent measures Catharism only gained strength in the churches of See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria, See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania, Slavonia and See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia . In 1298 Boniface VIII. tried to organize the Inquisition there, but the project remained fruitless . The attempt was revived in 1323 by John XXII. with doubtful success . The persecutions undertaken in the 14th and 15th centuries merely resulted in binding the Cathari to the invading See also:

• TURKS

Turks, with whom they found more tolerance than with the Slav princes converted to Roman orthodoxy . of the church " (Ch . V . See also:

• LANGLOIS, HIPPOLYTE (1839— )

Langlois) . The See also:

• COLONNA
• COLONNA, GIOVANNI PAOLO (circa 1637—1695)
• COLONNA, VITTORIA (1490-1547)

Colonna had a personal Church .

animosity against the See also:

• GAETANI, or CAETANI

Gaetani ; therefore Boniface VIII., a Gaetano, declared the Colonna to be heretics . See also:

• RIENZI, COLA DI (c. 1313–1354)

Rienzi was accused of heresy for having questioned the temporal See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of the pope at Rome . The Venetians, who in 1309 opposed the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Ferrara by Clement V. to the detriment of the house of See also:

• ESTE
• ESTE (anc. Ateste, q.v.)

Este, were proclaimed heretics and placed under the ban of Christendom . See also:

• SAVONAROLA, GIROLAMO (1452-1498)

Savonarola was attacked because he interfered with the policy of Alexander VI. at Florence . It was this same See also:

• DESIRE

desire for the See also:

• HEGEMONY (Gr. i7ye,uovia, leadership, from it-yo-Oat, to lead, the leadership especially of one particular state in a group of federated or loosely united states. The term was first applied in Greek history to the position claimed by different individual

hegemony of Italy which inspired the attitude of the popes throughout the middle ages, causing them to excommunicate, apparently without See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason so far as doctrine was concerned, the See also:

• VISCONTI

Visconti of Milan, the Della Scala of Verona, the Maffredi of See also:

• FAENZA (anc. Faventia)

Faenza, &c., and prompting them to lay under an See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict or preach a crusade against certain rebellious great towns (Clement V. against Venice, John XXII. against Milan) . Further, in each of the great cities of Lombardy and Tuscany, the papal party directed the See also:

• LOCAL

local inquisition, and this power was rarely abused . In Germany heresies, especially of a mystical character, were numerous in the middle ages; some of them affected the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass Germany. of the people, and led to religious and social movements of no little importance . The repression of heresy went on by fits and starts, and the Inquisition was never exercised so regularly in the Germanic as in certain of the Latin countries . At the outset of the 13th century persecutions of the Waldenses and Ortlibarii (followers of Ortlieb of Strassburg, c . 'zoo) took place at Strassburg; measures were taken locally until, in 1231, Gregory IX. issued definite instructions to the German prelates with a view to a regular repression of heresy, and gave full powers to execute them to Conrad of Marburg . Certain The See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan States . In Spain the papal Inquisition could gain no solid footing in the middle ages .

Spain had been, in turn or simultaneously, seam . Arian under the Visigoths, Catholic under the Hispano- See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, Mussulman by See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, and under a regime of religious peace Judaism had developed there . After the reconquest, and even at the height of the influence of the Cathari its heresies had been of quite minor importance . At the end of the 12th century See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso II. and Peter II. had on principle promulgated cruel edicts against heresy, but the persecution seemed to be dormant . By the bull Declinante of the 26th of May 1232 inquisitors were sent to Aragon by Gregory IX. on the request of Raymond of Penaforte, and by 1237—1238 the Inquisition was practically founded . But as early as 1233 King James I. had promulgated an edict against the heretics which quite openly put the Inquisition in a subaltern position, and secularized a great part of its activities . The people, more-over, showed great hostility _towards it . The inquisitor Fray Pedro de Cadrayta was murdered by the mob, and in 1235 the See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

Cortes, with the consent of King James, prohibited the use of inquisitorial procedure and of the torture, as constituting a violation of the Fuecos, though they made no attempt to give effect to their See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition . In See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile Alphonso the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise had, by establishing in his See also:

• FUERO

Fuero Real and his Siete Partidas an entirely independent secular legislation with regard to heretics (1255), removed his kingdom from all papal interference . At the opening of the 14th century Castile and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal had still no Inquisition . But at that time in Spain orthodoxy was generally threatened only by a few Fraticelli and Waldenses, who were not numerous enough to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call for active repression . The Spanish inquisitor Nicholas Eymerich, the author of the famous Directorium Inquisitorum, had rarely to exercise his functions during the whole of his long career (end of 14th century) .

It was not against heresy that the church had to direct its vigilance . A mutual tolerance between the different religions had in fact sprung up, even after the conquest; the Christians in the north recognized the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan and Jewish religions, and Alphonso VI. of Castile took the title of imperador de los dos cullos . But for a long time past both the decisions of councils and papal briefs had proclaimed their surprise and indignation at this ominous indifference . As early as 1077 the third council of Rome, and in 1o8x Gregory VII., protested against the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of Jews to public offices in Spain . Clement IV., in a brief of 1266, exhorted James I. of Aragon to expel the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors from his dominions . In 1278 Nicholas III. blamed Peter III. for having made a truce with them . One of the canons of the council of See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne (1311—1312) denounces as intolerable the fact that Mahommedan prayers were still proclaimed from the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the mosques, and under the influence of this council the Spanish councils of See also:

• ZAMORA

Zamora (1313) and See also:

• VALLADOLID

Valladolid (1322) came to decisions which soon led to violent measures against the Mudegares (Mussulmans of the old Christian provinces) . Already in 1210 massacres of Jews had taken place under the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration of Arnold of Narbonne, the papal legate; in 1276 fresh disturbances took place as a result of James I.'s refusal to obey the order of Clement IV., who had called upon him to expel the Jews from his dominions . In 1278 Nicholas IV. commanded the general of the Dominicans to send friars into all parts of the kingdom to work for the conversion of the Jews, and draw up lists of those who should refuse to be baptized . It was in vain that a few princes such as Peter III. or See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of Castile interfered; the Spanish clergy directed the persecution with ever increasing zeal . In the 14th century the massacres increased, and during the See also:

• YEAR

year 1391 whole towns were destroyed by fire and sword, while at See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia eleven thousand forced baptisms took place . In the 15th century the persecution continued in the same way; it can only be said that the years 1449, 1462, 1470, 1473 were marked by the greatest bloodshed .

Moreover, the Mudegares were also subjected to these baptisms and massacres en masse . From those, or the children of those who had escaped death by See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism, was formed the class of Converses or Marranos, the latter name being confined to the converted Jews . This class was still further increased after the conquest of the kingdom of See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada and the completion of the conquest by Ferdinand and See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, and after the pacification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia by Charles V . The Mahommedans and Jews in these parts were given the choice between conversion and exile . Being of an active nature, and desiring some immediate powers as a recompense for their moral sufferings, the Jewish or Mussulman Converses soon became rich and powerful . In addition to the hatred of the church, which feared that it might quickly become Islamized or Judaized in this country which had so little love for theology, hatred and See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy arose also among laymen and especially in the rich and noble classes . Limpieza, i.e. purity of blood, and the fact of being an " old Christian " were made the conditions of holding offices . It is true, this mistrust had assumed a theological form even before the Mahommedan conquest . As early as 633 the council of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo had declared heretics such converts, forced or voluntary, as returned to their old religion . When this principle was revived and, whether through secular jealousy, religious dislike or See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride, was applied to the Conversos, an essentially national Inquisition, directed against local heretics, was founded in Spain, and founded without the help of the papacy . It was created in 1480 by Ferdinand and Isabella . See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus IV. had wished the papal Inquisition to be established after the form and spirit of the middle ages; but Ferdinand, in his desire for centralization (his efforts in this direction had already led to the creation of the Holy See also:

• HERMANDAD (from hermano, Lat. germanus, a brother)

Hermandad and the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the royal jurisdiction) wished to establish an inquisition which should be entirely Spanish, and entirely royal .

Rome resisted, but at last gave way . Sixtus IV., Alexander VI., Innocent VIII., See also:

• JULIUS

Julius II. and after them all the popes of the 16th century, saw in this secular attempt a great power in favour of orthodoxy, and approved it when established, and on seeing its constant activity . The Inquisition took advantage of this to claim an almost complete autonomy . The decisions of the Roman See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of the See also:

• INDEX

Index were only valid for Spain if the Holy Office of See also:

• MADRID

Madrid thought See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good to See also:

• COUNTERSIGN

countersign them; consequently there were some books approved at Rome and proscribed in the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, such as the Historia pelagiana of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Nores, and some which were forbidden at Rome and approved in the peninsula, such as the writings of Fathers Mateo Moya and Juan Bautista Poza . The Spanish Holy Office perceived long before Rome the dangers of See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism, and already persecuted the mystics, the Alumbrados while Rome (impervious to Molinism) still favoured them . " During the last few centuries the church of Spain was at once the most orthodox and the most independent of the national churches " (Ch . V . Langlois) . There was even a financial dispute between the Inquisition and the papacy, in which the Inquisition had the better of the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument; the Roman See also:

• PENITENTIARY (med. Lat. poenitentiarius, from poenitentia, penance, poena, punishment, a term used both as adjective and substantive, referring either to the means of repentance or that of punishment. In its ecclesiastical use the word is used as the equi

Penitentiary sold exemptions from penalties (involving loss of civil rights), such as prison, the galleys and wearing the sanbenito, and dispensations from the crime of Marrania (secret Judaism) . The inquisitors tried to gain control of this See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale, and at a much higher See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price, and were seconded in this by the kings of Spain, who saw that it was to their own interest . At first they tried a compromise; the unfortunate victims had to pay twice, to the pope and to the Inquisition . But the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment to the pope was held by the Inquisition to reduce too much its own share of the confiscated property, and the struggle continued throughout the first half of the 16th century, the See also:

• CURIA

Curia finally triumphing, thanks to the See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of Paul III .

Since, however, the Inquisition continued to threaten the holders of papal dispensations, most of them found it prudent to demand a definite rehabilitation, in return for payments both to the king and the Inquisition . As a national institution the Inquisition had first of all the advantage of a very strong centralization and very rapid procedure, consisting as it did of an organization of local tribunals with a supreme council at Madrid, the Suprema . The grand inquisitor was ex officio See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president for life of the royal council of the Inquisition . It was the grand inquisitor, General Jimenez de Cisneros, who set in motion the inquisitorial tribunals of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville, See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, See also:

• JAEN

Jaen, Toledo, See also:

• MURCIA

Murcia, Valladolid and See also:

• CALAHORRA (anc. Calagurris)

Calahorra . There was no such tribunal at Madrid till the time of Philip IV . The inquisitor- general of Aragon established inquisitors at See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa, See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, Valencia, See also:

• MAJORCA (Mallorca)

Majorca, Sardinia, Sicily and Pampeluna (moved later to Calahorra) . From the very beginning.the papacy strengthened this organization by depriving the Spanish metropolitans, by the bull of the 25th of September 1487, of the right of receiving appeals from the decisions given jointly by the, bishops of the various dioceses, their suffragans and the apostolic inquisitors, and by investing the inquisitor-general with this right . And, more than this, See also:

• TORQUEMADA, JUAN DE (1388-1468)
• TORQUEMADA, THOMAS (1420-1498)

Torquemada actually took proceedings against bishops, for example, the See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation of heresy against See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Pedro See also:

• ARANDA, PEDRO PABLO ABARCA DE BOLEA, COUNT

Aranda, bishop of Calahorra (1498); while the inquisitor Lucero prosecuted the first archbishop of Granada, Don Ferdinando de Talavera . Further, when once the Inquisition was closely allied to the crown, no Spaniard, whether clerk or layman, could See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape its power . Even the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, though not till after 166o, were put under the authority of the Suprema . The highest nobles were kept constantly under observation; during the reigns of Charles III. and Charles IV. the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Almodovar, the count of Aranda, the great writer See also:

• CAMPOMANES, PEDRO RODRIGUEZ, CONDE DE (1723-1802)

Campomanes, and the two ministers Melchior de See also:

• JOVELLANOS (or JovE LLANOS), GASPAR MELCHOR DE (1744-1811)

Jovellanos and the count of See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida-Alanca, were attacked by the Suprema . But the descendants of Moors and Jews, though they were good Christians, or even nobles, were most held in suspicion .

Even during the middle ages the descendants of the Paterenes were known, observed and denounced . In the eyes of the Inquisition the taint of heresy was even more indelible . A See also:

• FAMILY

family into which a forced conversion or a mixed See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage had introduced Moorish or Jewish blood was almost entirely deprived of any See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of public office, and was bound, in order to disarm suspicion, to furnish agents or spies to the Holy Office . The Spaniards were very See also:

• QUICK

quick to accept the idea of the Inquisition to such an extent as to look upon heresy as a national scourge to be destroyed at all See also:

• COSTS

costs, and they consequently considered the Inquisition as a powerful and indispensable See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of public protection; it would be going too far to state that this conception is unknown to orthodox See also:

• PRESENT

present-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day historians of the Inquisition, and especially certain Spanish historians (cf. the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to Menendez y Pelayo's Heterodoxos espastoles) . As had happened among the Albigenses, See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry were rapidly paralysed in Spain by this odious regime of suspicion, especially as the Conversos, who inherited the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial and commercial capacity of the Moors and Jews, represented one of the most active elements of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . Besides, this system of wholesale confiscations might reduce a family to beggary in a single day, so that all transactions were liable to extraordinary risks . It was in vain that the counsellors of Charles V., and on several occasions the Cortes, demanded that the inquisitors and their countless agents should be appointed on a fixed system by the state; the state, and above all the Inquisition, refused to make any such change . The Inquisition preferred to draw its revenues from heresy, and this is not surprising if we think of the economic aspect of the Albigensian Inquisition; the system of encours was simply made general in Spain, and managed to exist there for three centuries . In the case of the Inquisition in Languedoc, there still remained the possibility of an appeal to the king, the inquisitors, or more rarely the pope, against these extortions; but there was nothing of the kind in Spain . The Inquisition and the Crown could refuse each other nothing, and appeals to the pope met with their See also:

• UNITED

united resistance . As early as the reign of Ferdinand certain rich Conversos who had bought letters of See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence from the Holy See were nevertheless prosecuted by Ferdinand and Torquemadg, in spite of the protests of Sixtus IV . The papacy met with the most serious checks under the Bourbons .

Philip V. forbade all his subjects to carry appeals to Rome, or to make public any papal briefs without the royal exequalur . The political aspect of the work and character of the Inquisition has been very diversely estimated; it is a serious error to attribute to it, as has too often been done, extreme ideas of equality, or even to represent it as having favoured centralization and a royal absolutism to the same extent as the Inquisition of the 13th and 14th centuries in Languedoc . " It was a merecoincidence," says H . C . Lea," that the Inquisition and absolutism developed side by side in Spain." The Suprema did not attack all nobles as nobles; it attacked certain of them as Conversos, and the Spanish feudal nobles were sure enough of their limpieza to have nothing to fear from it . But it is undeniable that it frequently tended to constitute a state within the state . At the time of their greatest power, the inquisitors paid no taxes, and gave no account of the confiscations which they effected; they claimed for themselves and their agents the right of bearing arms, and it is well known that their declared adversaries, or even those who blamed them in some respects. were without fail prosecuted for heresy . But that was not the limit to their pretensions . In 1574, under Philip II., there was an idea of instituting a military order, that of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria de la Espada Blanca, having as its head the grand inquisitor, and to him all the members of the order, i.e. all Spaniards distinguished by limpieza of blood, were to swear obedience in peace and in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . Moreover, they were to recognize his jurisdiction and give up to him the reversion of their property . Nine provinces had already consented, when Philip II. put a stop to this theocratic movement, which threatened his authority . It was, however, only the Bourbons, who had imbibed Gallican ideas, who by dint of perseverance managed to make the Inquisition subservient to the Crown, and Charles III., " the philosopher king," openly set limits to the privileges of the inquisitors .

See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, on his entry into Madrid (December 18o8), at once suppressed the Inquisition, and the extraordinary general Cortes on the 12th of February 1813 declared it to be incompatible with the constitution, in spite of the protests of Rome . Ferdinand VII. restored it (See also:

• JULY

July 21, 1814) on his return from exile, but it was impoverished and almost powerless . It was again abolished as a result of the Liberal revolution of 1820, was restored temporarily in 1823 after the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French military intervention under the duc d'See also:

• ANGOULEME
• ANGOULEME, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650)

Angouleme, and finally disappeared on the 15th of July 1834, when See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina allied herself with the Liberals . " It was not, however, till the 8th of May 1869 that the principle of religious liberty was proclaimed in the peninsula; and even since then it has been limited by the constitution of 1876, which forbids the public celebration of dissident religions " (S . See also:

• REINACH, JOSEPH (1856- )

Reinach) . In 1816 the pope abolished torture in all the tribunals of the Inquisition . It is a too frequent practice to represent as See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the Spanish Inquisition modes of procedure in use for a long time in the inquisitorial tribunals of the rest of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . There are no special manuals, or practica, for the inquisitorial procedure in Spain; but the few distinctive characteristics of this procedure may be mentioned . The Suprema allowed the accused an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate chosen from among the members or familiars of the Holy Office; this privilege was obviously illusory, for the advocate was chosen and paid by the tribunal, and could only interview the accused in presence of an inquisitor and a secretary . The theological examination was a delicate and See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute proceeding; the " qualificators of the Holy Office," special functionaries, whose equivalent can, however, easily be found in the medieval Inquisition, charged those books or speeches which had incurred " theological censures," with " slight, severe or violent " suspicion . There was no challenging of witnesses; on the contrary, witnesses who were objected to were allowed to give evidence on the most important points of the case . The torture, to the practice of which the Spanish Inquisition certainly added new refinements, was originally very much objected to by the Spaniards, and Alphonso X. prohibited it in Aragon; later, especially in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries it was applied quite shamelessly on the least suspicion .

But by the end of the 18th century, according to See also:

• LLORENTE, JUAN ANTONIO (1756-1823)

Llorente, it had not been employed for a long time; the fiscal, however, habitually demanded it, and the accused always went in dread of it . The punishment of death by burning was much more often employed by the Spanish than by the medieval Inquisition; about 2000 persons were burnt in Torquemada's day . Penitents were not always reconciled, as they were in the middle ages, but those condemned to be burnt were as a rule strangled previously . With the extension of the Spanish colonial empire the consisting of twenty families, having a See also:

• RABBI

rabbi and a See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue . In 1727 a whole community of Moriscoes was denounced at Granada, and prosecuted with the utmost rigour . Again, a great number of people were denounced, sent to the galleys, or burnt, for having returned to their ancestral religion, on the flimsiest of evidence, such as making ablutions during the day time, abstaining from See also:

• SWINE

swine's flesh or See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, using See also:

• HENNA

henna, singing Moorish songs, or possessing Arabic See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts . During the 16th and 17th centuries the Inquisition in Spain was directed against Protestantism . The inquisitor-general, Fernando de See also:

• VALDES, JUAN DE (c. 1500-1541)

Valdes, archbishop of Seville, asked the pope to condemn the See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans to be burnt even if they were not backsliders, or wished to be reconciled, while in 156o three See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign Protestants, two Englishmen and a Frenchman were burnt in defiance of all See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international law . But the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation never had enough supporters in Spain to occupy the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the Inquisition for long . After the Marranes the mystics of all kinds furnished the greatest number of victims to the terrible tribunal . Here again we should not lose sight of the tradition of the medieval Inquisition; the mysticism of the Beghards, the Brethren of the Free Spirit and the innumerable pantheist sects had been pitilessly persecuted by the inquisitors of Germany and France during the 14th and 15th centuries . The See also:

• ILLUMINATI (Lat. illuminare)

Illuminati (alumbrados), who were very much akin to the medieval sectaries, and the mystics of Castile and Aragon were ruthlessly examined, judged and executed .

Not even the most famous persons could escape the suspicious zeal of the inquisitors Valdes and Melchior See also:

• CANO, ALONZO (1601–1667)
• CANO, MELCHIOR (1525-1560)

Cano . The writings of Luis de Granada were censured as containing cosas de alumbrados . St See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius de See also:

• LOYOLA, ST IGNATIUS OF (1491–1556)

Loyola was twice imprisoned at the beginning of his career; St See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa was accused of misconduct, and several times denounced; one of her works, Conceptos del amor divino, was prohibited by the Inquisition, and she was only saved by the personal influence of Philip II . Countless See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of obscure visionaries, devotees both men and women, clerks and laymen, were accused of Illuminism and perished in the fires or the dungeons of the Inquisition . From its earliest appearance Molinosism was persecuted with almost equal rigour . See also:

• MOLINOS, MIGUEL DE (c. 1640-1697)

Molinos himself was arrested and condemned to perpetual imprisonment (168 1687), and during the 18th century, till 1781, several Molinosists were burnt . The Inquisition also attacked See also:

• JANSENISM

Jansenism, See also:

• FREEMASONRY

freemasonry (from 1738 onwards; cf. the bull In entinenti) and " philosophism," the learned naturalist Jose Clavigo y Faxarcho (173o–1806), the mathematician Benito Bails (1730–1797), the poet Tomas de See also:

• IRIARTE (or YRIARTE) Y OROPESA, TOMAS DE (1750-1791)

Iriarte, the ministers Clavigo Ricla, Aranda and others being prosecuted as " philosophers." Subject also to the tribunal of the Holy Office were bigamists, blasphemers, usurers, sodomites, priests who had married or broken the secrecy of the See also:

• CONFESSIONAL (Late Lat. confessionale, neut. adj. from confessionalis, " pertaining to confession," Fr. confessional, Ital. confessionale)

confessional, laymen who assumed ecclesiastical See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume, &c . "In all these matters, though the Inquisition may have been indiscreet in meddling with affairs which did not concern it, it must be confessed that it was not cruel, and that it was always preferable to fall into the hands of the Inquisition rather than those of the secular judges, or even the Roman inquisitors " (S . Reinach) . Apart from certain exceptional cruelties such as those of the Inquisition of Calahorra, perhaps the greatest number of executions of sorcerers took place in the colonies, in the Philippines and See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico . In Spain the persecution was only moderate; at certain times it disappeared almost completely, especially in the time of the clear-sighted inquisitor Salazar . Two features of the Spanish Inquisition are especially See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-worthy: the prosecutions for " speeches suspected of heresy " and the censure of books .

The great See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar Pedro de See also:

• LERMA, FRANCISCO DE SANDOVAL Y ROJAS, DUKE OF (1552–1625)

Lerma, who after fifty years at Paris (where he was dean of the faculty of theology) had returned to Spain as abbot of Compluto, was called upon in 1537 to abjure eleven " Erasmian " propositions, and was forced to return to Paris to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die . Juan de Vergara and his brother were summoned before the Inquisition for favouring See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus and his writings, and detained several years before they were acquitted . Fray Alonso de Virues, See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain to Charles V., was imprisoned on an absurd charge of depreciating the monastic state, and was only released by the pope at the instance of the emperor . Mateo Pascual, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of theology at See also:

• ALCALA (Moorish al Kala, the " Fortress " or " Castle ")

Alcala, who had in a public lecture expressed a doubt as to See also:

• PURGATORY (Late Lat. purgatorium, from purgare, to purge)

purgatory, suffered imprisonment and the confiscation of his goods . A similar See also:

• FATE

fate befell See also:

• MONTEMAYOR (or MONTEMOR), JORGE (1520?-156x)

Montemayor, See also:

• LAS

Las Brozas and Luis de la Cadena . The censure of books was established in 1502 by Ferdinand and Isabella as a state institution . All books had to pass through the hands of the bishops; in 1521 the Inquisition took upon itself the examination of books suspected of Lutheran heresy . In 1554 Charles V. divided the responsibility for the censorship between the Royal Council, whose duty it was to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant or refuse the imprimatur to manuscripts and the Inquisition, which retained the right of prohibiting books which it judged to be pernicious; but after 1527 it also gave the See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence to See also:

• PRINT

print . In 1547 the Suprema produced an Index of prohibited books, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up in 1546 by the university of See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain; it was completed especially as regards Spanish books, in 155x, and several later See also:

• EDITIONS

editions were published . Moreover, the revisores de libros might present themselves in the name of the Holy Office in any private library or bookshop and confiscate prohibited books . In 1558 the penalty of death and confiscation of property was decreed against any' bookseller or individual who should keep in his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession condemned books . The censure of books was eventually abolished in 1812 .

Cavitatis neerlandicae (1205–1525) (4 vols., See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent, 1889–1900); anon, Histoire des tribunaux de l'inquisition en France (Paris, 1893) ; See also:

• HANSEN, PETER ANDREAS (1795-1874)

Hansen, Inquisition, Hexenwahn and Hexenverfolgung (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1900); Llorente, Histoire critique de l'inquisition d'Espagne (4 vols., Paris, 1818) ; H . C . Lea, History of the Inquisition of Spain (5 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1905–1908) ; S . Reinach, articles on Lea's History of the Inquisition of Spain in the Revue critique (1906, 1907, 1908) and Cultes, mythes et religions (Paris, 1908), tome iii . (P . A.) Inquisition spread throughout it almost contemporaneously with Spanish the Catholic faith . Ferdinand IV. decreed the estaband See also:

• PORTO

Porto- lishment of the Inquisition in See also:

• AMERICA

America, and See also:

• JIMENES (or XIMENES) DE CISNEROS, FRANCISCO (1436-1517)

Jimenes in ruese 1516 appointed Juan Quevedo, bishop of See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba, colonies. inquisitor-general delegate with discretionary powers . Excesses having been committed by the agents of the Holy Office, Charles V. decreed (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 15, 1538) that only the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European colonists should be subject to the jurisdiction of the Inquisition; but Philip II. increased the powers of the inquisitors' delegate and, in 1J41, established on a permanent basis three new provinces of the Inquisition at Lima, Mexico and See also:

• CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA

Cartagena . The first auto-da fe took place at Mexico in 1574, the year in which Hernando Cortez died . The Inquisition of Portugal was no less careful to ensure the orthodoxy of the Portuguese colonies . An Inquisition of the East Indies was established at See also:

• GOA

Goa, with jurisdiction over all the dominions of the king of Portugal beyond the Cape of Good Hope . Finally Philip II. even wished to establish an itinerant Inquisition, and at his request the pope created, by a brief of the 21st of July 1571, the " Inquisition of the galleys," or " of fleets and armies." After the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the Jews under Isabella the Catholic (1492), followed under Philip III. by that of the Moriscoes (1609), Other the Inquisition attacked especially Catholics descended activities from infidels, the Marranes and Conversos, who were, of the not without reason, suspected of often practising in Spanish secret the rites of their ancestral religions .

As late as Inquisi- tion . 1715 a secret association was discovered at Madrid , impotentiality of development of the See also:

• MENTAL

mental faculties; under that of Acquired See also:

• INSANITY (from Lat. in, not, and sanus, sound)

Insanity all those in which the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain has been born healthy but has suffered from morbid processes affect- ing it primarily, or from diseased states of the general system implicating it secondarily . In studying the See also:

• CAUSATION

causation of these two great classes, it will be found that certain remote influences exist which are believed to be commonly predisposing; these will be considered as such, leaving the proximate or exciting causes until each class with its subdivisions comes under See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review . In most See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on the subject will be found discussed the bearing which See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization,See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality, occupation, See also:

• EDUCATION

education, &c., have, or are supposed to have, on the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of insanity . Such discussions are as a rule eminently causation. unsatisfactory, founded as they are on See also:

• COMMON

common observation, broad generalizations, and very imperfect See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics . As they are for the most part negative in result, at the best almost entirely irrelevant to the present purpose, it is proposed merely to summarize shortly the general outcome of what has been arrived at by those authorities who have sought to assess the value to be attached to the influence exercised by such factors, without entering in any detail on the theories involved .