IONA  , or IconmmLL, an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the Inner See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides, See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Argyll-See also:

• SHIRE

shire, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, 62 m . S. of See also:

• STAFFA (Norse for staff, column, or pillar island)

Staffa and 14 m . W. of the See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross of See also:

• MULL

Mull, from which it is separated by the shallow See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound of Iona . Pop . (1901) 213 . It is about 31- M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 11 m. broad; its See also:

• AREA

area being some 2200 acres, of which about one-third is under cultivation, oats, potatoes and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley being grown . In the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the island grassy hollows, yielding pasturage for a few See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and some horses, alternate with rocky elevations, which culminate on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast in Duni (332 ft.), from the See also:

• BASE

base of which a dazzling stretch of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, partly covered with grass, stretches to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west the island is fringed with precipitous cliffs . Iona is composed entirely of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient gneisses and See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists of Lewisian See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age; these ('loe, "See also:

• VIOLET

violet "; XLBos, "See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone") . It is generally called by petrographers cordierite, a name given by R . J . See also:

• HAUY, RENE JUST (1743-1822)

Hauy in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French mineralogist, P .

L . Cordier, who discovered its remarkable dichroism, and suggested for it the name dichroite, still sometimes used . The difference of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour which it shows in different directions is so marked as to be well seen without the dichroscope . The typical See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours are deep See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale blue and yellowish See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey . While the crystal as a whole shows these three colours, each See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face is dichroic . lolite is a hydrous See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium and See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium silicate, with ferrous See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron partially replacing magnesium . It crystallizes in the orthorhombic See also:

• SYSTEM

system . In hardness and specific gravity it much resembles See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz . The transparent blue or violet variety used as a See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem occurs as pebbles in the gravels of See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon, and bears in many cases a resemblance to See also:

• SAPPHIRE

sapphire . The paler kinds are often called See also:

• WATER

water-sapphire (saphir d'eau of French jewellers) and the darker kinds See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx-sapphire; the shade of colour varying with the direction in which the stone is cut . From sapphire the See also:

• IOLITE

iolite' is readily distinguished by its stronger pleochroism, its See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density (about 2.6)- and its inferior hardness (about 7) . Iolite occurs in See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and in true eruptive rocks, but is most characteristically See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed as a product of contact See also:

• METAMORPHISM (Gr. ise-rci, change of, and liop¢i, shape)

metamorphism in See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss and altered slates .

A variety occurring at the contact of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay-See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate and granite on the border of the provinces of Shimotsuke and Kodzuke in See also:

• JAPAN

Japan has been called cerasite . It readily suffers chemical See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, and gives rise to a number of alteration-products, of which pinite is a characteristic example . Although iolite, or cordierite, is rather widely distributed as a constituent of certain rocks, See also:

• FINE

fine crystals of the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral are of very limited occurrence . One of the best-known localities is Bodenmais, in See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, where it occurs with See also:

• PYRRHOTITE

pyrrhotite in a granite See also:

• MATRIX

matrix . It is found also in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland, in See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . Large crystals are developed in See also:

• VEINS

veins of granite See also:

• RUNNING

running through gneiss at Haddam, See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut; and it is known at many other localities in the See also:

• UNITED

United States . (F . W .