See also:

• ISAEUS (c.42o B.C.-C. 350 B.c.)

ISAEUS (c.42o B.C.-C. 350 B.c.)  , See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic orator, the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological limits of whose extant See also:

• WORK

work fall between the years 390 and 353 B.C., is described in the Plutarchic See also:

• LIFE

life as a Chalcidian; by Suidas, whom See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius follows, as an Athenian . The accounts have been reconciled by supposing that his See also:

• FAMILY

family sprang from the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement (ic)o povx1a) of Athenian citizens among whom the lands of the Chalcidian hippobutae (knights) had been divided about 509 B.C . In 411 B.C . See also:

• EUBOEA (pronounced Evvia in the modern language)

Euboea (except Oreos) revolted from See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens; and it would not have been See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange if residents of Athenian origin had then migrated from the hostile See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island to See also:

• ATTICA

Attica . Such a connexion with Euboea would explain the non-Athenian name See also:

• DIAGORAS

Diagoras which is See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• ISAEUS (c.42o B.C.-C. 350 B.c.)

Isaeus, while the latter is said to have been " an Athenian by descent" ('ABrlvaios TO 7ivos) . So far as we know, Isaeus took no See also:

• PART

part in the public affairs of Athens . " I cannot tell," says Dionysius, " what were the politics of Isaeus—or whether he had any politics at all." Those words strikingly attest the profound See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change which was passing over the life of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek cities . It would have been scarcely possible, fifty years earlier, that an eminent Athenian with the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of Isaeus should have failed to leave on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record some See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the See also:

• POLITICAL

political concerns of Athens or of See also:

• GREECE

Greece . But now, with the decline of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal devotion to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, the life of an active See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen had ceased to have any necessary contact with political affairs . Already we are at the beginning of that transition which is to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead from the old life of Hellenic citizenship to that See also:

• HELLENISM
• HELLENISM (from Or. EAXspiL'sty, to imitate the Greeks, who were known as "EAAi7ves, after "EAA17v, the son of Deucalion)

Hellenism whose See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children are citizens of the See also:

• WORLD

world . Isaeus (who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born probably about 420 B.C.) is believed to have been an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Isocrates, and he certainly Was a student of See also:

• LYSIAS

Lysias . A passage of See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

Photius has been understood as meaning that personal relations had existed between Isaeus and See also:

• PLATO

Plato, but this view appears erroneous.' The profession of Isaeus was that of which See also:

• ANTIPHON

Antiphon had been the first representative at Athens—that of a Xoyoypadios, who composed speeches which his clients were to deliver in the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-courts .

But, while Antiphon had written such speeches chiefly (as Lysias frequently) for public causes, it was with private causes that Isaeus was almost exclusively concerned . The fact marks the progressive subdivision of labour in his calling, and the extent to which the smaller interests of private life now absorbed the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the citizen . The most interesting recorded event in the career of Isaeus is one which belongs to its See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period—his connexion with See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes . Born in 384 B.C., Demosthenes attained his civic See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in 366 . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he had already resolved to ' See further See also:

• JEBB, JOHN (1736–1786)
• JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOTJSE (1841–1905)

Jebb's Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeus, (ii . 264) . prosecute the fraudulent guardians who had stripped him of his patrimony . In prospect of such a legal contest, he could have found no better ally than Isaeus . That the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Demosthenes actually resorted to his aid is beyond See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason-able doubt . But the pseudo-See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch embellishes the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story after his See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . He says that Demosthenes, on coming of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, took Isaeus into his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, and studied with him for four years —paying him the sum of Io,000 drachmas (about 400), on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that Isaeus should withdraw from a school of See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric which he had opened, and devote himself wholly to his new pupil . The real Plutarch gives us a more sober and a more probable version .

He simply states that Demosthenes " employed Isaeus as his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in rhetoric, though Isocrates was then teaching, either (as some say) because he could not pay Isocrates the prescribed See also:

• FEE

fee of ten minae, or because he preferred the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of Isaeus for his purpose, as being vigorous and astute" (Spaow pion Kai 7ravovupyov) . It may be observed that, except by the pseudo-Plutarch, a school of Isaeus is not mentioned, for a See also:

• NOTICE

notice in Plutarch need mean no more than that he had written a See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-See also:

• BOOK

book, or that his speeches were read in See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools; nor is any other pupil named . As to Demosthenes, his own speeches against Aphobus and Onetor (363–362 B.c.) afford the best possible See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge of the sense and the measure in which he was the See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of Isaeus; the intercourse between them can scarcely have been either very See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close or very See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . The date at which Isaeus died can only be conjectured from his work; it may be placed about 350 B.C . Isaeus has a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double claim on the student of Greek literature . He is the first Greek writer who comes before us as a consummate master of strict forensic controversy . He also holds a most important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general development of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory, and therefore in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Attic See also:

• PROSE

prose . Antiphon marks the beginning of that development, Demosthenes its consummation . Between them stand Lysias and Isaeus . The open, even ostentatious, See also:

• ART

art of Antiphon had been austere and rigid . The concealed art of Lysias had charmed and persuaded by a versatile semblance of natural See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and simplicity . Isaeus brings us to a final See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of transition, in which the gilts distinctive of Lysias were to be fused into a perfect See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with that masterly art which receives its most powerful expression in Demosthenes .

Here, then, are the two See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal points by which the place of Isaeus must be determined . We must consider, first, his relation to Lysias; secondly, his relation to Demosthenes . A comparison of Isaeus and Lysias must set out from the distinction between choice of words (XiEls) and mode of putting words together (ebvOeats) . In choice of words, diction, Lysias and Isaeus are closely alike . Both are clear, pure, See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, concise; both have the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of persuasive plainness (&cPiXsis), and both combine it with graphic See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power (EVapysta) . In mode of putting words together, See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, there is, however a striking difference . Lysias threw off the stiff restraints of the earlier periodic style, with its wooden monotony; he is too fond indeed of See also:

• ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis always to avoid a rigid effect; but, on the whole, his style is easy, flexible and various; above all, its subtle art usually succeeds to appearing natural . Now this is just what the art of Isaeus does not achieve . With less love of antithesis than Lysias, and with a diction almost equally pure and See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, he yet habitually conveys the impression of conscious and confident art . Hence he is least effective in adapting his style to those characters in which Lysias peculiarly excelled—the ingenuous youth, the homely and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace-loving citizen . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, his more open and vigorous art does not interfere with his moral persuasiveness where there is See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for reasoned remonstrance, for keen See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument or for powerful denunciation . Passing from the formal to the real See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of his work, from diction and composition to the treatment of subject-See also:

• MATTER

matter, we find the divergence wider still .

Lysias usually adheres to a simple four-See also:

• FOLD

fold See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division—proem, narrative, proof, See also:

• EPILOGUE

epilogue . Isaeus frequently interweaves the narrative with the proof ? He shows the most dexterous ingenuity in adapting his manifold See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics to the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in hand, and often " out-generals " (KaTauTpaTrfys?) his adversary by some novel and daring disposition of his forces . Lysias, again, usually contents himself with a merely rhetorical or sketchy. proof ; Isaeus aims at strict logical demonstration, worked out through all its steps . As 1 Plat . De glor . Athen. p . 350 C, where he mentions robs 'Ieo-Kparels sal 'Avrt¢wvras Kai 'Ieaious among Tabs iv See also:

• RAIS (or RETZ), GILLES DE (1404-1440)

rais exoXais ra p EipaKia 7rpoSLSaUKODTe.S . s Here he was probably influenced by the teaching of Isocrates . The forensic speech of Isocrates known as the Aegineticus (Or. xix.), which belongs to the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Isaeus, as dealing with a claim to See also:

• PROPERTY

property (iiriSucaata), affords perhaps the earliest example of narrative and proof thus interwoven . Earlier forensic writers had kept the St iy,fats and 7rtarEls distinct, as Lysias does . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones well remarks, Isaeus See also:

• LAYS

lays close See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to the under-standings of the See also:

• JURY

jury.' Such is the general relation of Isaeus to Lysias .

What, we must next ask, is the relation of Isaeus to Demosthenes ? The Greek critic who had so carefully studied both authors states his own view in broad terms when he declares that " the power of Demosthenes took its seeds and its beginnings from Isaeus ' (See also:

• DION

Dion . Halic . Isaeus, 20) . A closer examination will show that within certain limits the statement may be allowed . Attic prose expression had been continuously See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed as an art; the true See also:

• LINK

link between Isaeus and Demosthenes is technical, depending on their continuity . Isaeus had made some See also:

• ORIGINAL

original contributions to the resources of the art ; and Demosthenes had not failed to profit by these . The composition of Demosthenes resembles that of Isaeus in blending terse and vigorous periods with passages of more lax and fluent ease, as well as in that dramatic vivacity which is given by rhetorical question and similar devices . In the versatile disposition of subject-matter, the divisions of " narrative " and " proof " being shifted and interwoven according to circumstances, Demosthenes has clearly been instructed by the example of Isaeus . Still more plainly and strikingly is this so in regard to the elaboration of systematic proof ; here Demosthenes invites See also:

• DIRECT

direct and close comparison with Isaeus by his method of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing out a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of arguments, or enforcing a proposition by strict legal argument . And, more generally, Demosthenes is the pupil of Isaeus, though here the pupil became even greater than the master, in that See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of grappling with an adversary's case point by point, in that aptitude for close and strenuous conflict which is expressed by the words a.ytbv, Evay6vlos.4 The pseudo-Plutarch, in his life of Isaeus, mentions an Art of Rhetoric and sixty-four speeches, of which fifty were accounted genuine . From a passage of Photius it appears that at least 5 the fifty speeches of recognized authenticity were extant as See also:

• LATE

late as A.D .

85o . Only eleven, with a large part of a twelfth, have comedown to us; but the titles of See also:

• FORTY

forty-two 6 others are known .? The titles of the lost speeches confirm the statement of Dionysius that the speeches of Isaeus were exclusively forensic; and only three titles indicate speeches made in public causes . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, concerned with private causes, may be classed under six heads:—0) KXrlpocoi—cases of claim to an See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance; (2) 'e7rlKXrfptKOI—cases of claim to the hand of an heiress; (3) SialtKaeial—cases of claim of property; (4) a3roaraaf.ou—cases of claim to the ownership of a slaves (5) iyybiss—See also:

• ACTION

action brought against a See also:

• SURETY

surety whose See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal had made See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default; (6) avrespoola (as=7rapaypa4n)—a See also:

• SPECIAL

special plea; (7) Eseets—See also:

• APPEAL

appeal from one See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction to another . Eleven of the twelve extant speeches belong to class (I), the KX71piKoi, or claims to an inheritance . This was probably.the See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of practice in which Isaeus had done his most important and most characteristic work . And, according to the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, this class of speeches would therefore stand first in the See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript collections of his writings . The case of Antiphon is parallel: his speeches in cases of See also:

• HOMICIDE (Lat. homicidium)

homicide (g5ovucoi) were those on which his reputation mainly depended, and stood first in the See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts . Their exclusive preservation, like that of the speeches made by Isaeus in will-cases, is thus primarily an See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident of manuscript tradition, but partly also the result of the writer's special See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige . Six of the twelve extant speeches are directly concerned with claims to an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate; five others are connected with legal proceedings arising out of such a claim . They may be classified thus (the name given in each case being that of the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person whose estate is in dispute) : I . Trials of Claim to an Inheritance (StaSiKaatat) .

I . Or. i., Cleonymus . Date between 36o and 353 B.C . 2 . Or. iv., Nicostratus . Date uncertain . 3 . Or. vii., See also:

• APOLLODORUS

Apollodorus . 353 B.C . 4 . Or. viii., Ciron . 375 B.C .

5 . Or. ix., Astyphilus . 369 B.C . (c . 390, See also:

• SCHOMANN, GEORG FRIEDRICH (1793—1879)

Schomann) . 6 . Or. x., See also:

• ARISTARCHUS

Aristarchus . 377–371 B.C . (386-384, Schomann) . This is what Dionysius means when he says (Isaeus, 6,) that Isaeus differs from Lysias—rip See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit KaT' EvBbp77pa rl X yety aAMa KaT' E7rtxeiprlpa . Here the " See also:

• ENTHYMEME (Gr. v, Buµos)

enthymeme " means a rhetorical See also:

• SYLLOGISM (Gr. ovAAoytvµos, from en', and Xb-yor, an argument resulting from combination, i.e. of premises)

syllogism with one premiss suppressed (curtum, Juv. vi . 449) ; " epicheireme," such a syllogism stated in full .

Cf . R . Volkmann, Rhetorik der Griechen and Romer, 1872, pp . 153 f . ' See also:

• CLEON (d. 422 B.C.)

Cleon's speech in Thuc. iii . 37, 38, See also:

• WORKS

works out this See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image with remarkable force; within a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short space we have Iuv&aews aytbvrwv rolwvSE aytavwv—aywvlerils—aywvi~EaBat—avTa}wVC~EOB4C—aywvo-BEras, . See Attic Orators, vol. i . 39; ii . 304 . 5 For the words of Photius (See also:

• COD

cod . 263), robrwv Si of ra yvifalov sapruprtOivres v' KaraXEiirovrat povov, might be so rendered as to imply that, besides these fifty, others also were extant . See Att .

Orat. ii . 311, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note 2 . 6 Forty-four are given in Thalheim's ed . 7 The second of our speeches (the Meneclean) was discovered in the Laurenti: n Library in 1785, and was edited in that See also:

• YEAR

year by See also:

• TYRWHITT, THOMAS (1730–1786)

Tyrwhitt . In See also:

• EDITIONS

editions previous to that date, Oration i. is made to conclude with a few lines which really belong to the end of Orat. ii . (§ 47, aXa' E7rstIr) rb 7rpaypa . . . il,nt ieaa0s), and this arrangement is followed in the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Isaeus by Sir William Jones, to whom our second oration, was, of course, then (1779) unknown . In Oration i. all that follows the words pr) 7roliheavres in § 22 was first published in 1815 by See also:

• MAI, ANGELO (1782—1854)

Mai, from a MS. in the Ambrosian Library at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan . 14 I I . Actions for False See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

Witness (See also:

• SINAI

Sinai 0tv5oµaprvpi&w) . 1 . Or. ii., Menecles .

354 B.C . 2 . Or. iii., See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

Pyrrhus . Date uncertain, but comparatively late . 3 . Or. vi., Philoctemon . 364-363 B.C . IV . See also:

• INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

Indictment of a See also:

• GUARDIAN

Guardian for Maltreatment of a See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward (eiaayyEXta sw camws 6piavov) . Or.' xi., Hagnias . 359 B.C . V .

Appeal from See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

Arbitration to a Dicastery (44eocs) . Or. xii., For Euphiletus . (Incomplete.) Date uncertain . The speeches of Isaeus See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply valuable illustrations to the early history of testamentary law . They show us the faculty of See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption, still, indeed, associated with the religious See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive in which it originated, as a mode of securing that the sacred See also:

• RITES

rites of the family shall continue to be discharged by one who can See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call himself the son of the deceased . But practically the See also:

• CIVIL

civil aspect of adoption is, for the Athenian citizen, predominant over the religious; he adopts a son in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to bestow property on a person to whom he wishes to bequeath it . The Athenian See also:

• SYSTEM

system, as interpreted by Isaeus, is thus intermediate, at least in spirit, between the purely religious stand-point of the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu and the maturer See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form which See also:

• ROMAN

Roman testamentary law had reached before the time of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero .l As to the form of the speeches, it is remarkable for its variety . There are three which, taken together, may be considered as best representing the diversity and range of their author's power . The fifth, with its simple but lively diction, its graceful and persuasive narrative, recalls the qualities of Lysias . The See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh, with its sustained and impetuous power, has no slight resemblance to the manner of Demosthenes . The eighth is, of all, the most characteristic, alike in narrative and in argument . Isaeus is here seen at his best .

No reader who is interested in the social life of ancient Greece need find Isaeus dull . If the glimpses of Greek society which he gives us are seldom so See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay and picturesque as those which enliven the pages of Lysias, they are certainly not less suggestive . Here, where the innermost relations and central interests of the family are in question, we See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch the springs of social life; we are not merely presented with scenic details of See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, but are enabled in no small degree to conceive the feelings of the actors . The best manuscript of Isaeus is in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum,—Crippsianus A (= Burneianus 95,113th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century),which contains also Antiphon, See also:

• ANDOCIDES

Andocides, See also:

• LYCURGUS
• LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
• LYCURGUS (Gr. AvKofpyor)

Lycurgus and See also:

• DINARCHUS

Dinarchus . The next best.is See also:

• BEKKER (or WOLFF), ELIZABETH (1738–1804)
• BEKKER, AUGUST IMMANUEL (1785–1871)
• BEKKER, BALTHASAR (1634–1698)

Bekker's Laurentianus B (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence), of the 15th, century . Besides these, he used See also:

• MARCIANUS (c. A.D. 400)

Marcianus L (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice), saec . 14, Vratislaviensis Z saec . 142 and two very inferior See also:

• MSS

MSS . Ambrosianus A . 99, P (which he dismissed after Or. i.), and Ambrosianus D . 42, Q (which contains only Or. i., ii.) . See also:

• SCHUMANN, ROBERT ALEXANDER (1810-1856)

Schumann, in his edition of 1831, generally followed Bekker's text; he had no fresh apparatus beyond a See also:

• COLLATION (Lat. collatio, from conferre, to bring together or compare)

collation of a See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris MS .

R in part of Or. i.; but he had sifted the Aldine more carefully . See also:

• BAITER, JOHANN GEORG (1801–1877)

Baiter and Sauppe (185o) had a new collation of A, and also used a collation of Burneianus 96, M, given by See also:

• DOBSON, HENRY AUSTIN (184o- )
• DOBSON, WILLIAM (16ro-1646)

Dobson in vol. iv. of his edition (1828) . C . Scheibe (Teubner, 186o) made it his especial aim to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the work of his predecessors by restoring the correct Attic forms of words; thus (e.g.) he gives'i-yyba for iveyba, &Sipe, for S€Slaµev, and the like,—following the consent of the MSS., however, in such forms as the See also:

• ACCUSATIVE (Lat. accusativus, sc. casus, a translation of the Gr. aletartKI vrrwves, the case concerned with cause and effect, from atria, a cause)

accusative of proper names in -nv rather than -n, or (e.g.) the future ¢avi roµai rather than ¢avoI ai., &c., and on such doubtful points as cpparepes instead of ¢pa.See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes, or EiXnOvtas instead of ELX€&Ouiat . EDI'IIONS.—Editio princeps (Aldus, Venice, 1513); in Oratores Altici, by I . Bekker (1823–1828); W . S . Dobson (1828); J . G . Baiter and See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann Sauppe (185o): separately, by G . F . Schumann, with commentary (1831); C .

Scheibe (186o) (Teubner See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, new ed. by T . Thalheim, 1903); H . Buermann (1883); W . See also:

• WYSE, SIR THOMAS (1791—1862)

Wyse (1904) . See also:

• ENGLISH

English translation by Sir William Jones, 1779 . On Isaeus generally see Wyse's edition; R . C . Jebb, Attic Orators; F . See also:

• BLASS, FRIEDRICH (1843—1907)

Blass, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die attische Beredsamkeit (2nd ed., 1887–1893); and L . Moy, Etude sur See also:

• LES

les plaidoyers d'Isee (1876) . (R . C .