See also:

• ISCHIA (Gr. II19r)KO"va, Lat. Aenaria, in poetry Inarime)

ISCHIA (Gr. II19r)KO"va, See also:

• LAT

Lat. Aenaria, in See also:

• POETRY

poetry Inarime)  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island off the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, 16 m . S.W. of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, to the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of which it belongs, and 7 m . S.W. of the See also:

• CAPO

Capo Miseno, the nearest point of the mainland . Pop. about 20,000 . It is situated at the W. extremity of the Gulf of Naples, and is the largest island near Naples, measuring about 19 M. in circumference and 26 sq. m. in See also:

• AREA

area . It belongs to the same volcanic See also:

• SYSTEM

system as the mainland near it, and the See also:

• MONTE

Monte Epomeo (anc . 'Fa-ameba, viewpoint), the highest point of the island (2588 ft.), lies on the N. edge of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• CRATER

crater, which is surrounded by twelve smaller cones . The island was perhaps occupied by See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek settlers even before See also:

• CUMAE (Gr. Kb/.m)

Cumae; its Eretrian and Chalcidian inhabitants abandoned it about 500 B.C. owing to an eruption, and it is said to have been deserted almost at once by the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison which See also:

• HIERO (strictly HIERON)

Hiero I. of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse had placed there about 470 B.C., owing to the same cause . Later on it came into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Naples, but passed into See also:

• ROMAN

Roman hands in 326, when Naples herself lost her See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• TOWN

town, traces of the fortifications of which still exist, was situated near Lacco, at the N.W. corner of the island . See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus gave it back to Naples in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for See also:

• CAPRI (anc. Capreae)

Capri . After the fall of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome it suffered attacks and devastations from the successive masters of Italy, until it was finally taken by the Neapolitans in 1299 .

Several eruptions are recorded in Roman times . The last of which we have any knowledge occurred in 1301, but the island was visited by earthquakes in 1881 and 1883, 170O lives being lost in the latter See also:

• YEAR

year, when the town of Casamicciola on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the island was almost entirely destroyed . The hot springs here, which still survive from the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of volcanic activity, rise at a temperature of 147° Fahr. and are alkaline and saline; they are much visited by bathers, especially in summer . They were known in Roman times, and many votive altars dedicated to See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo and the See also:

• NYMPHS

nymphs have been found . The whole island is mountainous, and is remarkable for its beautiful scenery and its fertility . See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

Wine, See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, oil and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit are produced, especially the former, while the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain slopes are clothed with See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods . Tiles and pottery are made in the island . See also:

• STRAW

Straw-plaiting is a considerable See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry at Lacco; .and a certain amount of fishing is also done . The See also:

• POTTER, ALONZO (1800-1865)
• POTTER, HENRY CODMAN (1835–1908)
• POTTER, J
• POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674-1747)
• POTTER, PAUL (1625—1654)
• POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792—1871)

potter's See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay of See also:

• ISCHIA (Gr. II19r)KO"va, Lat. Aenaria, in poetry Inarime)

Ischia served for the See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

potteries of Cumae and See also:

• PUTEOLI (mod. Pozzuoli, q.v.)

Puteoli in ancient times, and was indeed in considerable demand until the See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe at Casamicciola in 1883 . } The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns are Ischia on the E. coast, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and the seat of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop (pop. in 1901, town, 2756; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 7012), with a 15th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, to which See also:

• VITTORIA

Vittoria See also:

• COLONNA
• COLONNA, GIOVANNI PAOLO (circa 1637—1695)
• COLONNA, VITTORIA (1490-1547)

Colonna retired after the See also:

• DEATH

death of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband in 1525; Casamicciola (pop. in 1901, town, Io85; commune, 3731) on the north, and Forio on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west coast (pop. in rigor, town, 3640; commune, 7197) . There is See also:

• REGULAR

regular communication with Naples, both by steamer See also:

• DIRECT

direct, and also by steamer to Torregaveta, 2 m . W.S.W. of Baiae and 121 M .

W.S.W. of Naples, and thence by See also:

• RAIL

rail . See J . Beloch, Campanian (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1890), 202 sqq . (T . As.) . ISCHL, a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-town and watering-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, iii Upper Austria, 55 in . S.S.W. of See also:

• LINZ

Linz by rail . Pop . (1900) 9646 . It is beautifully situated on the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula formed by the junction of the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers Ischl and See also:

• TRAUN, OTTO FERDINAND, COUNT VON ABENSPERG UND (1677-1748)

Traun and is surrounded by high mountains, presenting scenery of the finest description . To the S. is the Siriuskogl or Hundskogl (196o ft.), and to the W. the Schafberg (5837 ft.), which is ascended from St Wolfgang by a See also:

• RACK

rack-and-pinion railway, built in 1893 . It possesses a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, built by Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa and renovated in 1877-1880, and the Imperial See also:

• VILLA

Villa is surrounded by a magnificent See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park .

Ischl is one of the most fashionable spas of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, being the favourite See also:

• SILVER

Silver See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay in 1901 . The only See also:

• MODERN

modern exploration of highland See also:

• ISAURIA

Isauria was that made by J . S . Sterrett in 1885; but it was not exhaustive . summer See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian Imperial See also:

• FAMILY

family and of the Austrian See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility since 1822 . It has saline and sulphureous drinking springs and numerous brine and brine-vapour See also:

• BATHS

baths . The brine used at Ischl contains about 25% of salt and there are also mud, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine-See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone baths . Ischl is situated at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 1J33 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level and has a very mild See also:

• CLIMATE

climate . Its mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is 49.40 F. and its mean summer temperature is 63.5° F . Ischl is an important centre of the salt industry and 4 m. to its W. is a celebrated salt mine, which has been worked as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 12th century .