See also:

• ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

ISFAHAN (older See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Ispahan)  , the name of a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province and See also:

• TOWN

town . The province is situated in the centre of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and bounded S. by See also:

• FARS (the name Farsistan is not used)

Fars, E. by See also:

• YEZD
• YEZD, or YAZD

Yezd, N. by See also:

• KASHAN

Kashan, See also:

• NATANZ

Natanz and See also:

• IRAK

Irak, and W. by the See also:

• BAKHTIARI

Bakhtiari See also:

• DISTRICT

district and See also:

• ARABISTAN (formerly KHUZISTAN)

Arabistan . It pays a yearly See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue of about £100,000, and its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population exceeds 5oo,000 . It is divided into twenty-five districts, its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, the town of See also:

• ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

Isfahan, forming one of them . These twenty-five districts, some very small and consisting of only a little township and a few hamlets, are Isfahan, Jai, Barkhar, Kahab, Kararaj, Baraan, Rudasht, Marbin, Lenjan, Kerven, Rar, Kiar, Mizdej, Ganduman, Somairam, Jarkuyeh, Ardistan, Kuhpayeh . Na.jafahad,Komisheh,Chadugan,Varzek,Tokhmaklu, Gurji, Chinarud . Most of these districts are very fertile, and produce See also:

• GREAT

great quantities of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium . Lenjan, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Isfahan, is the greatest rice-producing district; the finest cotton comes from Jarkuyeh; the best opium and tobacco from the villages in the vicinity of the city . The town of Isfahan or Ispahan, formerly the capital of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, now the capital of the province, is situated on the Zayendeh See also:

• RIVER

river in 32° 39' N. and 51° 40' E.' at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 5370 it . Its population, excluding that of the Armenian See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Julfa on the right or See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• BANK

bank of the river (about 4000), is estimated at 100,000 (73,6J4, including 5883 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, in 1882) . The town is divided into See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-seven malaallehs (parishes) and has 210 mosques and colleges (many See also:

• HALF

half ruined), 84 caravanserais, 15o public See also:

• BATHS

baths and 68 See also:

• FLOUR

flour See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills . The See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is principally from open canals led off from the river and from several streams and canals which come down from the hills in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west .

The name of the Isfahan river was originally Zendeh (See also:

• PAHLAVI, or PEHLEVI

Pahlavi zendek) rud, " the great river "; it was then modernized into Zindeh-rud, " the living river," and is now called Zayendeh rud, " the See also:

• LIFE

life-giving river." Its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal source is the Jananeh rud which rises on the eastern slope of the Zardeh Kuh about 90 to 100 M . W. of Isfahan . After receiving the Khursang river from Feridan on the north and the Zarin rud from Chaharmahal on the south it is called Zendeh rud . It then See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters the Lenjan and Marbin districts, passes Isfahan as Zayendeh-rud and 70 M. farther E. ends in the Gavkhani depression . From its entrance into Lenjan to its end 1o5 canals are led off from it for purposes of See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation and 14 See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges See also:

• CROSS

cross it (5 at Isfahan) . Its See also:

• VOLUME

volume of water at Isfahan during the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season has been estimated at 6o,000 cub. ft. per second; in autumn the quantity is reduced to one-third, but nearly all of it being then used for feeding the irrigation canals very little is See also:

• LEFT

left for the river See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed . The town covers about 20 sq. m., but many parts of it are in ruins . The old city walls—a ruined mud See also:

• CURTAIN

curtain—are about 5 M. in circumference . Of the many See also:

• FINE

fine public buildings constructed by the Sefavis and during the reign of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty very little remains . There are still See also:

• STANDING

standing in fairly See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good repair the two palaces named respectively Chehel Situn, " the See also:

• FORTY

forty pillars," and Hasht Behesht, " the eight paradises," the former constructed by Shah Abbas I . (1587-1629), the latter by Shah Soliman in 1670, and restored and renovated by Fath See also:

• ALI

Ali Shah (1797-1834) . They are ornamented with See also:

• GILDING

gilding and mirrors in every possible variety of See also:

• ARABESQUE

Arabesque decoration, and large and brilliant pictures, representing scenes of Persian See also:

• HISTORY

history, See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the walls of their principal apartments and have been ascribed in many instances to See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and Dutch artists who are known to have been in the service of the Sefavis .

Attached to these palaces were many other buildings such as the Imaretino built by Amin ed-Dowleh (or Addaula) for Fath Ali Shah, the Imaret i Ashref built by Ashref See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, the Afghan usurper, the See also:

• TALAR

Talar Tavileh, Guldasteh, Sarpushideh, &c., erected in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by wealthy courtiers for the convenience of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign and often occupied as residences of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European ministers travelling between See also:

• BUSHIRE, or BANDER BUSHIRE

Bushire and See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran and by other distinguished travellers . Perhaps the most agreeable See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of all was the Haft Dast, " the seven courts," in ,the beautiful See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden of Saadetabad on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern bank of the river, and 2 or 3 m. from the centre of the city . This See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace was built by Shah Abbas II . (1642-1667), and Fath Ali See also:

• SHAD

Shad Kajar died there in 1834 . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to it was the Aineh Khaneh, " See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of mirrors " and other elegant buildings in the Ilazar jerib (l000 See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre) garden . All these palaces and buildings on both sides of the river were surrounded by extensive gardens, traversed by avenues of tall r These figures are approximate for the centre of the town north of the river . The result of astronomical observations taken by the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German expedition for observing the transit of See also:

• VENUS

Venus in 1874 and by See also:

• SIR

Sir O . St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John in 187o on the south bank of the river near, and in Julia respectively was 51° 40' 3.45" E., 32° 37' 30" N . The See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone slab commemorating the See also:

• WORK

work of the expedition and placed on the spot where the observations were taken has been carried off and now serves as a See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door See also:

• PLINTH (Gr. ir)^fvOos, a square tile)

plinth of an Armenian See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house.trees, principally planes, and intersected by paved canals of See also:

• RUNNING

running water with tanks and fountains . Since Fath All Shah's See also:

• DEATH

death, palaces and gardens have been neglected . In 1902 an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official was sent from Teheran to inspect the See also:

• CROWN

crown buildings, to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on their See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, and repair and renovate some, &c . The result was that all the above-mentioned buildings, excepting the Chehel Situn and Hasht Behesht, were demolished and their See also:

• TIMBER

timber, bricks, stone, &c., sold to See also:

• LOCAL

local builders .

The gardens are wildernesses . The garden of the Chehel Situn palace opens out through the See also:

• ALA

Ala Kapu (" highest See also:

• GATE

gate, See also:

• SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

sublime See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

porte ") to the See also:

• MAIDAN

Maidan-i-Shah, which is one of the most imposing piazzas in the See also:

• WORLD

world, a parallelogram of 56o yds . (N.-S.) by 174 yds . (E.-W.) surrounded by See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick buildings divided into two storeys of recessed See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, or arcades, one above the other . In front of these arcades grow a few stunted planes and poplars . On the south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the maidan is the famous Masjed i Shah (the shah's See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque) erected by Shah Abbas I. in 1612-1613 . It is covered with glazed tiles of great brilliancy and richly decorated with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver ornaments and cost over £175,000 . It is in good repair, and plans of it were published by C . Texier (L'Armenie, la Perse, &c., vol. i. pls . 70-72) and P . Coste (Monuments de la Perse) . On the eastern side of the maidan stands the Masjed i Lutf Ullah with beautiful enamelled tiles and in good repair .

Opposite to it on 'the western side of the maidan is the Ala Kapu, a lofty See also:

• BUILDING

building in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of an archway overlooking the maidan and crowned in the fore part by an immense open See also:

• THRONE

throne-See also:

• ROOM

room supported by wooden columns, while the hinder part is elevated three storeys higher . On the north side of the maidan is the entrance gate to the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BAZAAR (Pers. bazar, market)

bazaar surmounted by the Nekkareh-Khaneh, or drumhouse, where is blared forth the appalling See also:

• MUSIC

music saluting the rising and setting See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, said to have been instituted by Jamshid many thousand years ago . West of the Chehel Sitars palace and conducting N.-S. from the centre of the city to the great See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of See also:

• ALLAH

Allah See also:

• VERDI, GIUSEPPE FORTUNINO FRANCESCO (1813-1901)

Verdi Khan is the great See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue nearly a mile in length called Chahar Bagh, " the four gardens," recalling the fact that it was originally occupied by four vineyards which Shah Abbas I. rented at £360 a See also:

• YEAR

year and converted into a splendid approach to his capital . It was thus described by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Curzon of Kedleston in 1880: " Of all the See also:

• SIGHTS

sights of Isfahan, this in its present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state is the most pathetic in the utter and pitiless decay of its beauty . Let me indicate what it was and what it is . At the upper extremity a two-storeyed See also:

• PAVILION

pavilion,' connected by a See also:

• CORRIDOR (Fr. corridor, from Ital. corridore, Med. Lat. corridorium, a " running-place," from currere, to run)

corridor with the Seraglio of the palace, so as to enable the ladies of the See also:

• HAREM

harem to gaze unobserved upon the merry See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene below, looked out upon the centre of the avenue . Water, conducted in stone channels, ran down the centre, falling in See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature cascades from See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace to terrace, and was occasionally collected in great square or octagonal basins where cross roads cut the avenue . On either side of the central channel was a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental planes and a paved pathway for pedestrians . Then occurred a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of open parterres, usually planted or sown . Next on either side was a second row of planes, between which and the flanking walls was a raised See also:

• CAUSEWAY

causeway for horsemen . The See also:

• TOTAL

total breadth is now fifty-twn yards . At intervals corresponding with the successive terraces and basins, arched doorways with recessed open See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers overhead conducted through these walls into the various royal or See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble gardens that stretched on either side, and were known as the Gardens of the Throne, of the See also:

• NIGHTINGALE (O. Eng. Nihtegale, literally " singer of the night ")
• NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE (1820–191o)

Nightingale, of Vines, of Mulberries, Dervishes, &c .

Some of these pavilions were places of public resort and were used as See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee-houses, where when the business of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was over, the good burghers of Isfahan assembled to sip that beverage and inhale their kalians the while; as Fryer puts it: ' See also:

• NIGHT

Night See also:

• DRAWING

drawing on, all the See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride of Spahaun was met in the Chaurbaug and the Grandees were Airing themselves, prancing about with their numerous Trains, striving to outvie each other in Pomp and Generosity.' At the bottom, quays lined the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the river, and were bordered with the mansions of the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility." Such was the Chahar Bagh in the plenitude of its fame . But now what a tragical contrast ! The channels are empty, their stone See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders crumbled and shattered, the'terraces are broken down, the parterres are unsightly See also:

• BARE

bare patches, the trees, all lopped and pollarded, have been chipped and hollowed out or cut down for See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel by the soldiery of the Zil, the side pavilions are abandoned and tumbling to pieces and the gardens are wildernesses . Two centuries of decay could never make the Champs Elysees in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, the Unter 2 This pavilion was the Persian See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of Isfahan for nearly forty years and was demolished in 1903 . den See also:

• LINDEN

Linden in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, or Rotten Row in See also:

• LONDON

London, look one half as miserable as does the ruined avenue of Shah Abbas . It is in itself an See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• IRAN

Iran." Towards the upper end of the avenue on its eastern side stands the medresseh (See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college) which Shah Hosain built in 1710 . It still has a few students, but is very much out of repair; Lord Curzon spoke of it in 1888 as " one of the stateliest ruins that he saw in Persia." South of this college the avenue is altogether without trees, and the gardens on both sides have been turned into barley See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . Among the other notable buildings of Isfahan must be reckoned its five bridges, all fine structures, and one of them, the bridge of Allah Verdi See also:

• KAHN, GUSTAVE (1859- )

Kahn, 388 yds. in length with a paved roadway of 30 ft. in breadth, is one of the stateliest bridges in the world, and has suffered little by the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march of decay . Another striking feature of Isfahan is the See also:

• LINE

line of covered bazaars, which extends for nearly 3 m. and divides the city from south to north . The confluence of See also:

• PEOPLE

people in these bazaars is certainly very great, and gives an exaggerated See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the populousness of the city, the truth being that while the in-habitants congregate for business in the bazaars, the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the city is comparatively deserted . When surveyed from a commanding height within the city, or in the immediate environs, the enormous extent of mingled garden and building, about 30 M. in See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, gives an impression of populousness and busy life, but a closer See also:

• SCRUTINY (Fr. scrutin, Late Lat. scrulinium, from scrutari, to search or examine thoroughly)

scrutiny reveals that the whole scene is nothing more than a gigantic sham . With the exception of the bazaars and a few parishes there is really no continuous inhabited See also:

• AREA

area .

Whole streets, whole quarters of the city have fallen into utter ruin and are absolutely deserted, and the traveller who is See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent on visiting some of the remarkable sites in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the city or in the western suburbs, such as the minarets dating from the 12th century, the remains of the famous See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Tabarrak built by the Buyid Rukn addaula (d . 976), the ruins of the old See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, the shaking minarets of Guladan, &c., has to pass through See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of crumbling mud walls and roofless houses . It is believed indeed that not a twentieth part of the area of the old city is at present peopled, and the million or 600,000 inhabitants of See also:

• CHARDIN, JEAN SIMEON (1699-1779)
• CHARDIN, SIR JOHN (1643-1713)

Chardin's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time (See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 17th century) have now dwindled to about 85,000 . The Armenian suburb of Julfa, at any See also:

• RATE

rate, which contained a population of 30,000 souls in the 17th century, has now only 4000, and the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian churches, which numbered thirteen and were maintained with splendour, are now reduced to half a dozen edifices with bare walls and empty benches . Much improvement has recently taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young and also in their religious teaching, the wealthy Armenians of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and See also:

• JAVA

Java having liberally contributed to the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, and the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church Missionary Society of London having a church, schools and hospitals there since 1869 . The people of Isfahan have a very poor reputation in Persia either for courage or morals . They are regarded as a See also:

• CLEVER

clever but at the same time dissolute and disorderly community, whose See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government requires a strong See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . The lutis (hooligans) of Isfahan are proverbial as the most turbulent and rowdy set of vagabonds in Persia . The priesthood of Isfahan are much respected for their learning and high See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and the merchants are a very respectable class . The See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of Isfahan has greatly fallen off from its former flourishing condition, and it is doubtful whether the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of former days can ever be restored . (A . H.-S.) History.—The natural advantages of Isfahan—a genial See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, a fertile See also:

• SOIL

soil and abundance of water for irrigation—must have always made it a place of importance .

In the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CUNEIFORM (from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

cuneiform documents, referring to a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period between 3000 and 2000 B.C., the province of Anshan, which certainly included Isfahan, was the limit of the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical knowledge of the Babylonians, typifying the extreme See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, as See also:

• SYRIA

Syria (or Martu-ki) typified the west . The two provinces of Anshan and Subarta, by which we must understand the country from Isfahan to Shuster, were ruled in those remote ages by the same See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, who undoubtedly belonged to the great Turanian See also:

• FAMILY

family; and from this first See also:

• NOTICE

notice of Anshan down to the 7th century B.C. the reg;on seems to have remained, more or less, dependent on the See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of See also:

• SUSA (anc. Segusio, q.v.)
• SUSA (Biblical, Shushan)
• SUSA (Fr. Sousse)

Susa . With regard to the eastern frontier of Anshan, however, ethnic changes were probably in extensive operation during this See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of twenty centuries . The western Iranians,for instance, after separating from their eastern brethren on the See also:

• OXUS

Oxus, as early perhaps as 3000 B.C., must have followed the line of the See also:

• ELBURZ, or ALBURZ (from O. Pers. Hara-bere-zaili, the " High Mountain ")

Elburz mountains, and then bifurcating into two branches must have scattered, westward into See also:

• MEDIA

Media and southward towards Persia . The first substantial See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the southern See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch would seem then to have been at Isfahan, where See also:

• JAN

Jan, the eponym of the Persian See also:

• RACE

race, is said to have founded a famous castle, the remains of which were visible as See also:

• LATE

late as the loth century A.D . This castle is known in the Zorcastrian writings as Jem-gird, but its proper name was Sara or Sabak (given in the Bundahish as Sruwa or Srobak), and it was especially famous in early See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan history as the building where the ancient records and tables of the Persians were discovered which proved of so much use to See also:

• ALBUMAZAR

Albumazar and his See also:

• CON

con-temporaries . A valuable tradition, proceeding from quite a different source, has also been preserved to the effect that Jem, who invented the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Persian character, " dwelt in Assan, a district of Shuster " (see See also:

• FLUGEL, GUSTAV LEBERECHT (1802-1870)
• FLUGEL, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1788-1855)

Flugel's Fihrist, p . 12, 1 . 21), which exactly accords with the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian notices of Assan or Anshan classed as a dependency of Elymais . Now, it is well known that native See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend represented the Persian race to have been held in bondage for a thousand years, after the reign of Jem, by the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign usurper Zohak or Biverasp, a period which may well represent the duration of Elymaean supremacy over the See also:

• ARYANS

Aryans of Anshan . At the commencement of the 7th century B.C . Persia and Ansan are still found in the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib amongst the tributaries of Elymais, confederated against See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria; but shortly afterwards the great Susian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, which had lasted for full 2000 years, crumbled away under continued pressure from the west, and the Aryans of Anshan recovered their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding for the first time a national dynasty, and establishing their seat of government at Gabae on the site of the modern city of Isfahan .

The royal city of Gabae was known as a See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the Achaemenidae as late as the time of See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo, and the See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions show that See also:

• ACHAEMENES (HAKHAMANI)

Achaemenes and his successors did actually See also:

• RULE

rule at Anshan until the great See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus set out on his career of western victory . Whether the Kabi or Kavi of tradition, the blacksmith of Isfahan, who is said to have headed the revolt against Zohak, took his name from the town of Gabae may be open to question; but it is at any rate remarkable that the national See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of the Persian race, named after the blacksmith, and supposed to have been first unfurled at this See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch, retained the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Darafsh-a Kavani (the banner of Kavi) to the time of the Arab See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, and that the men of Isfahan were, moreover, throughout this See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long period, always especially charged with its See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . The -provincial name of Anshan or Assan seems to have been disused in the country after the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of Cyrus, and to have been replaced by that, of Gabene or Gabiane, which alone appears in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek accounts of the See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander and his successors, and in the geographical descriptions of Strabo . Gabae or Gavi became gradually corrupted to Jai during the See also:

• SASSANIAN

Sassanian period, and it was thus by the latter name that the old city of Isfahan was generally known at the time of the Arab invasion . Subsequently the title of Jai became replaced by Sheheristan or Medineh, " the city " See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence, while a suburb which had been founded in the immediate vicinity, and which took the name of Yahudieh, or the " Jews' town," from its original Jewish inhabitants, gradually See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose into notice and superseded the old capital.' Sheheristatt and Yahudieh are thus in the early ages of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam described as See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent cities, the former being the eastern and the latter the western See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the capital, each surrounded by a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall; but about the middle of the loth century the famous Buyid king, known as the Rukn-addaula (al-Dowleh), See also:

• UNITED

united the two suburbs and many of the adjoining villages in one_ See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general enclosure which was about ro m. in circumference . The city, which had now resumed its old name of Isfahan, continued to flourish till the time of Timur (A.D . 1387), when in See also:

• COMMON

common with so many other cities of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire it suffered grievously at the hands of the Tatar invaders . Timur indeed is said to have erected a Kelleh Minar or "See also:

• SKULL

skull See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower " of 70,000 heads at the gate of the city, as a warning to deter other communities from resisting his arms . The place, however, owing to its natural advantages, gradually recovered from the effects of this terrible visitation, and when the Safavid dynasty, who succeeded to power in the 16th century, transferred their place of residence to it from See also:

• KAZVIN

Kazvin, it rose rapidly in populousness and See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . It was under Shah Abbas the first, the most illustrious sovereign of this house, that Isfahan attained its greatest prosperity . This monarch adopted every possible expedient, by stimulating ' The name of Yahudieh or " Jews' town " is derived by the early Arab geographers from a colony of Jews who are said to have migrated from Babylonia to Isfahan shortly after See also:

• NEBUCHADREZZAR, or NEBUCHADNEZZAR

Nebuchadrezzar's conquest of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, but this is pure See also:

• FABLE (Fr. fable, Lat. fabula)

fable . The Jewish settlement really See also:

• DATES

dates from the 3rd century A.D. as is shown by a notice in the Armenian history of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses of Chorene, See also:

• LIB

lib. iii. cap .

35 . The name Isfahan has been generally compared with the Aspadana of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy in the extreme north of See also:

• PERSIS (mod. Fars, q.v.)

Persis, and the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification is probably correct . At any rate the title is of great antiquity being found in the Bundahish, and being derived in all likelihood from the family name of the race of Feridan, the See also:

• ATH, or AATII

Ath'iyan of See also:

• ROMANCE

romance, who were entitled Aspiyan in Pahlavi, according to the phonetic rules of that See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . commerce, encouraging arts and manufactures, and introducing luxurious habits, to attract visitors to his favourite capital . He built several magnificent palaces in the richest See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of Oriental decoration, planted gardens and avenues, and distributed amongst them the waters of the Zendeh-rud in an endless See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of reservoirs, fountains and cascades . The baths, the mosques, the colleges, the bazaars and the caravanserais of the city received an equal See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and European artificers and merchants were largely encouraged to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in his capital . Ambassadors visited his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court from many of the first states of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and factories were permanently established for the merchants of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, the Hanseatic towns, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal and See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow . The celebrated traveller Chardin, who passed a great portion of his life at Isfahan in the latter half of the 17th century, has left a detailed and most interesting See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics of the city at that period . He himself estimated the population at 600,000, though in popular belief the number exceeded a million . There were 1500 flourishing villages in the immediate neighbourhood; the See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte of the city and suburbs was reckoned at 24 m., while the niud walls surrounding the city itself, probably nearly following the lines of the Buyid en-See also:

• CLOSURE (Fr. clooture)

closure, measured 20,000 paces . In the interior were counted 162 mosques, 48 public colleges, 1802 caravanserais, 273 baths and 12 cemeteries . The adjoining suburb of Julfa was also a most flourishing place .

Originally founded by Shah Abbas the Great, who trans-ported to this locality 3400 Armenian families from the town of Julfa on the See also:

• ARRAS

Arras, the colony increased rapidly under his fostering care, both in wealth and in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, the Christian population being estimated in 1685 at 30,000 souls . The first See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to the prosperity of modern Isfahan was given by the Afghan invasion at the beginning of the 18th century, since which date, although continuing for some time to be the nominal See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the empire, the city has gradually dwindled in importance, and now only ranks as a second or third rate provincial capital . When the Kajar dynasty indeed mounted the throne of Persia at the end of the 18th century the seat of government was at once transferred to Teheran, with a view to the support of the royal tribe, whose See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief seat was in the neighbouring province of Mazenderan; and, although it has often been proposed, from considerations of state policy in reference to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, to re-establish the court at Isfahan, which is the true centre of Persia, the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme has never commanded much attention . At the same time the government of Isfahan, owing to the wealth of the surrounding districts, has always been much sougkt after . Early in the 19th century the See also:

• POST

post was often conferred upon some powerful See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the court, but in later times it has been usually the apanage of a favourite son or See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the reigning sovereign.' Fath Ali Shah, who had a particular See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for Isfahan, died here in 1834, and it became a time-honoured See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom for the monarch on the throne to seek See also:

• RELIEF

relief from the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of Teheran by forming a summer See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp at the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich pastures of Ganduman, on the skirts of Zardeh-Kuh, to the west of Isfahan, for the exercise of his troops and the See also:

• HEALTH

health and amusement of his courtiers, but in See also:

• RECENT

recent years the practice has been discontinued . (H . C .