ISHMAEL (a

See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew name meaning "

See also:

• GOD

God hears ")  , in the Bible, the son of Abraham by his Egyptian concubine Hagar, and the eponym of a number of (probably) nomadic tribes living outside Palestine . Hagar in turn personifies a people found to the east of Gilead (1 Chron. v. lo) and Petra (Strabo).' Through the jealousy of Sarah, Abraham's wife, mother and son were driven away, and they wandered in the district south of Beersheba and Kadesh (Gen. xvi . J, xxi . E); see ABRAHAM . It had been foretold to his mother before his birth that he should be " a wild ass among men," and that he should dwell " before the face of " (that is, to the eastward of) his brethren . It is subsequently stated that after leaving his father's roof he " became an archer,' and dwelt in the wilderness of Paran, and i Zill es Sultan, elder brother of Muzafar ed d-n Shah, became governor-general of the Isfahan province in 1869 . z On Paul's use of the story of Hagar (Gal. iv . 24-26), see Ency . Bib. col . 1934 ; and H . St J . Thackeray, Relation of St Paul to contemporary Jewish Thought (London, 1900), pp .

196 sqq.; Hagar typifies the old Sinaitic

covenant, and Sarah represents the new -covenant of freedom from bondage . The treatment of the concubine and her son in Gen. xvi. compared with ch. xxi. illustrates old Hebrew customs, on which see further S . A . Cook, Laws of Moses, &c . (London, 1903), pp . 116 sqq., 140 sq . The Ituraean archers were of Jetur, one of the "sons" of Ishmael (Gen. xxv . 15), and were Roman mercenaries, perhaps even in Great Britain (Pal . Expl . Fund, Q.S., 1909, p . 283).his mother took him a wife out of the land of Egypt." But the genealogical relations were rather with the Edomites, Midianites and other peoples of North Arabia and the eastern desert than with Egypt proper, and this is indicated by the expressions that " they dwelt from Havilah unto Shur that is east of Egypt, and he settled to the eastward of his brethren " (see MIZRA1M) . Like Jacob, the ancestor of the Israelites, he had twelve sons (xxv .

12-18, P), of which only a few have

historical associations apart from the biblical records . Nebaioth and Kedar suggest the Nabataei and Cedrei of Pliny (v . 12). the first-mentioned of whom were an important Arab people after the time of Alexander (see NABATAEANS) . The names correspond to the Nabaitu and Kidru of the Assyrian inscriptions occupying the desert east of the Jordan and Dead Sea, whilst the Massa and Tema lay probably farther south . Dumah may perhaps be the same as the Domata of Pliny (vi . 32) and the tlovµeea or AouµafWa of Ptolemy (v . 19, 7, viii . 22, 3)—Sennacherib conquered a fortress of " Aribi " named Adumu,—and Jetur is obviously the Ituraea of classical geographers.' " Ishmael," therefore, is used in a wide sense of the wilder, roving peoples encircling Canaan from the north-east to the south, related to but on a lower rank than the " sons " of Isaac . It is practically identical with the term " Arabia " as used by the Assyrians . Nothing certain is known of the history of these mixed populations . They are represented as warlike nomads and with a certain reputation for wisdom (Baruch iii . 23) .

Not improbably they spoke a

dialect (or dialects) akin to Arabic or Aramaic.' According to the Mahommedans, Ishmael, who is recognized as their ancestor, lies buried with his mother in the Kaaba in Mecca . See further, T . Noldeke, Ency . Bib., s.v., and the articles EDOM, MIDIAN . (S . A . C.) 1SHPEMING, a city of Marquette county, Michigan, U.S.A., about 15 M . W. by S. of Marquette, in the N. part of the upper peninsula . Pop . (189o) 11,197; (1900) 13,255, of whom 5970 were foreign-born; (1004) 11,623; (1910) 12,448 . It is served by the Chicago & North Western, the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic, and the Lake Superior and Ishpeming railways . The city is 1400 ft. above sea-level (whence its name, from an Ojibway Indian word, said to mean " high up "), in the centre of the Marquette Range iron district, and has seven mines within its limits; the mining of iron ore is its principal industry .

Ishpeming was settled about 1854, and was incorporated as a city in 1873 .