See also:

• ISINGLASS (probably a corruption of the Dutch huisenblas, Ger. Hausenblase, literally " sturgeon's bladder ")

ISINGLASS (probably a corruption of the Dutch huisenblas, Ger. Hausenblase, literally " See also:

• STURGEON (Acipenser)

sturgeon's See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder ")  , a pure See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of commercial See also:

• GELATIN, or GELATINE

gelatin obtained from the See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder or See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of several See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish . The See also:

• STURGEON (Acipenser)

sturgeon is the most valuable, various species of which, especially Acipenser stellatus (the seuruga), A. ruthenus (the sterlet) and A. giildenstddtii (the ossetr), flourish in the See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga and other See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, in the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Seas, and in the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Ocean, and yield the " Russian See also:

• ISINGLASS (probably a corruption of the Dutch huisenblas, Ger. Hausenblase, literally " sturgeon's bladder ")

isinglass "; a large fish, Silurus parkerii, and probably some other fish, yield the " Brazilian isinglass "; other less definitely characterized fish yield the " See also:

• PENANG (Pulau Pinang, i.e. Areca-nut Island),

Penang " product; while the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• COD

cod, the See also:

• HAKE (Merluccius vulgaris)
• HAKE, EDWARD (fl. 1579)
• HAKE, THOMAS GORDON (1809-1895)

hake and other Gadidae also yield a variety of isinglass . The sounds, having been removed from the fish and cleansed, undergo no other preparation than See also:

• DESICCATION (from the Lat. desiccare, to dry up)

desiccation or drying, an operation needing much care; but in this See also:

• PROCESS

process the sounds are subjected to several different treatments . If the sound be unopened the product appears in See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce as "See also:

• PIPE

pipe," "See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse" or "lump isinglass"; if opened and unfolded, as See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf " or " See also:

• HONEYCOMB

honeycomb "; if folded and dried, as " See also:

• BOOK

book," and if rolled out, as " ribbon isinglass." Russian isinglass generally appears in commerce as leaf, book, and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• STAPLE

staple; Brazilian isinglass, from See also:

• PARA
• PARA (officially BELEM; sometimes BELEM DO PARA)

Para and Maranham, as pipe, lump and honeycomb; the latter product, and also the isinglass of See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson's See also:

• BAY

Bay, Penang, See also:

• MANILA

Manila, &c., is darker in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and less soluble than the Russian product . The finest isinglass, which comes from the Russian ports of See also:

• ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan and See also:

• TAGANROG

Taganrog, is prepared by steeping the sounds in hot See also:

• WATER

water in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to remove mucus, &c.; they are then cut open and the inner membrane exposed to the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air; after drying, the See also:

• OUTER

outer membrane is removed by rubbing and beating . As imported, isinglass is usually too tough and hard to be directly used . To increase its availability, the raw material is sorted, soaked in water till it becomes flexible and then trimmed; the trimmings are sold as a See also:

• LOWER

lower grade . The trimmed sheets are sometimes passed between See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel rollers, which reduce them to the thickness of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper; it then appears as a transparent ribbon, " shot " like watered See also:

• SILK

silk . The ribbon is dried, and, if necessary, cut into strips . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal use of isinglass is for clarifying wines, beers and other liquids . This See also:

• PROPERTY

property is the more remarkable since it is not possessed by See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary gelatin; it has been ascribed to its fibrous structure, which forms, as it were, a See also:

• FINE

fine network in the liquid in which it is disseminated, and thereby mechanically carries down all the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute particles which occasion the turbidity . The cheaper varieties are more commonly used; many brewers prefer the Penang product; Russian leaf, however, is used by some Scottish brewers; and Russian long staple is used in the See also:

• WORCESTERSHIRE

Worcestershire See also:

• CIDER (q.v.)
• CIDER, or CYDER (from the Fr. cidre, derived from the Lat. sicera or cisera, Gr. mucepa, Heb. shade, strong drink)

cider See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry .

Of secondary importance is its use for culinary and See also:

• CONFECTIONERY (from Lat. confectio, conficere, compound)

confectionery purposes, for example, in making jellies, stiffening jams, &c . Here it is often replaced by the so-called " patent isinglass," which is a very pure gelatin, and differs from natural isinglass by being useless for clarifying liquids . It has few other applications in the arts . Mixed with See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum, it is employed to give a lustre to See also:

• RIBBONS

ribbons and silk; incorporated with water, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• LIQUORICE

liquorice .and See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp black it forms an See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink; a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution, mixed with a little See also:

• TINCTURE (Fr. teinture, Lat. tinctura, tingere, to dye, stain)

tincture of See also:

• BENZOIN

benzoin, brushed over sarsenet and allowed to dry, forms the well-known " See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• PLASTER

plaster." Another plaster is obtained by adding acetic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and a little See also:

• OTTO

otto of See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses to a solution of fine See also:

• GLUE (from the O. Fr. glu, bird-lime, from the Late Lat. gluten, glus, glue)

glue . It also has valuable agglutinating properties; bydissolving in two parts of pure See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol it forms a See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, the solution cooling to a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, opaque, hard solid; it also dissolves in strong acetic acid to form a powerful cement, which is especially useful for repairing See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, pottery and like substances .