See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +See also:

• LAND

land')  , in See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, a See also:

• TERM

term generally definable as a piece of See also:

• LAND

land surrounded by See also:

• WATER

water . Islands may be divided into two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main classes, See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental and oceanic . The former are such as would result from the submergence of a coastal range, or a coastal highland, until the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain bases were cut off from the mainland while their summits remained above water . The See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island may have been formed by the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea cutting through the landward end of a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, or by the eating back of a See also:

• BAY

bay or See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary until a portion of the mainland is detached and becomes surrounded by water . In all cases where the continental islands occur, they are connected with the mainland by a continental shelf, and their structure is essentially that of the mainland . The islands off the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and the Isles of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man and See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight have this relation to See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, while Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland have a similar relation to the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east coast of See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia furnishes similar examples, but in addition to these in that locality there are true oceanic islands near the mainland, formed by the growth of the See also:

• GREAT

Great Barrier See also:

• CORAL

coral See also:

• REEF (1)

reef . Oceanic islands are due to various causes . It is a question whether the numberless islands of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago should be regarded as continental or oceanic, but there is no doubt that the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Sea islands scattered over a portion of the Pacific belong to the oceanic See also:

• GROUP

group . The ocean See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor is by no means a level See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, but rises and falls in mounds, eminences and basins towards the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . When this configuration is emphasized in any particular oceanic See also:

• AREA

area, so that a See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak rises above the surface, an oceanic island is produced . Submarine volcanic activity may also raise material above sea-level, or the buckling of the ocean-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed by See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth movements may have a similar result .

Coral islands (see See also:

• ATOLL (native name atollon in the Maldive Islands)

ATOLL) are oceanic islands, and are frequently clustered upon plateaux where the sea is of no great See also:

• DEPTH

depth, or appear singly as the See also:

• CROWN

crown of some isolated peak that rises from deep water . Island See also:

• LIFE

life contains many features of See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• INTEREST

interest . The sea forms a barrier to some forms of life but acts as a See also:

• CARRIER
• CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1956-1794)

carrier to other colonizing forms that frequently develop new features in their isolated surroundings where the struggle for existence is greater or less than before . When a sea barrier has existed for a very See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there is a marked difference between the See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora even of adjacent islands . In See also:

• BALI

Bali and See also:

• BORNEO

Borneo, for example, the flora and fauna are See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic, while in See also:

• LOMBOK (called by the natives Sasak)

Lombok and See also:

• CELEBES

Celebes they are Australian, though the Bali Straits are very narrow . In See also:

• JAVA

Java and See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra, though belonging to the same group, there- are marked developments of See also:

• BIRD

bird life, the See also:

• PEACOCK (Lat. Pavo, O. Eng. Pawe, Du. pauuw, Ger. Pfau, Fr. Paon)
• PEACOCK, GEORGE (1791–1858)
• PEACOCK, SIR BARNES (1810-189o)
• PEACOCK, THOMAS LOVE (1785-1866)

peacock being found in Java and the See also:

• ARGUS

Argus See also:

• PHEASANT

pheasant in Sumatra, having become too specialized to migrate . The Cocos, Keeling Islands and See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas Island in the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean have been colonized by few See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal forms, chiefly sea-birds and See also:

• INSECTS

insects, while they are clothed with abundant vegetation, the seeds of which have been carried by currents and by other means, but the variety of See also:

• PLANTS

plants is by no means so great as on the mainland . Island life, therefore, is a sure indication of the origin of the island, which may be one of the remnants of a shattered er dissected continent, or may have arisen independently from the sea and become afterwards colonized by See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift . The word " island " is sometimes used for a piece of land cut off by the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide or surrounded by See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh (e.g . Hayling Island) . 1 The O.E. ieg, ig, still appearing in See also:

• LOCAL

local names, e.g . See also:

• ANGLESEY, ARTHUR ANNESLEY
• ANGLESEY, HENRY WILLIAM PAGET
• ANGLESEY, or ANGLESEA

Anglesey, See also:

• BATTERSEA

Battersea, is cognate with Norw. by, Icel. ey, and the first See also:

• PART

part of Ger .

Eiland, &c.; it is referred to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• TENT

Tent. ahwia, a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in water, ahwa, water, cf . See also:

• LAT

Lat. aqua; the same word is seen in See also:

• ENGLISH

English " eyot," " ait," an islet in a See also:

• RIVER

river . The spelling " island," accepted before 1700, is due to a false connexion with ` isle," Fr. fie, Lat. insula .