See also:

• ITHACA
• ITHACA ('IeaK77)

ITHACA ('IeaK77)  , vulgarly Thiaki (Wan), next to Paxo the smallest of the seven Ionian Islands, with an See also:

• AREA

area of about 44 sq. m . It forms an eparchy.of the nomos of See also:

• CEPHALONIA (Ital. Cefalonia, ancient and modern official Greek Cephallenia, Ke¢aXMvia)

Cephalonia in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, and its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, which was 9873 in 187o, is now about 13,000 . The See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island consists of two See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain masses, connected by a narrow See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus of hills, and separated by a wide inlet of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea known as the Gulf of Molo . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and greater See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass culminates in the heights of Anoi (265o ft.), and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern in Hagios Stephanos, or See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Merovigli (2100 ft.) . Vathy (BaBv=" deep "), the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• PORT

port of the island, lies at the northern See also:

• FOOT

foot of Mount Stephanos, its whitewashed houses stretching for about a mile See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the deep See also:

• BAY

bay in the Gulf of Molo, to which it owes its name . As there are only one or two small stretches of arable See also:

• LAND

land in See also:

• ITHACA
• ITHACA ('IeaK77)

Ithaca, the inhabitants are dependent on See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce for their See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply; and See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive oil, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and currants are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal products obtained by the cultivation of the thin stratum of See also:

• SOIL

soil that covers the calcareous rocks . Goats are fed in considerable number on the brushwood pasture of the hills; and See also:

• HARES

hares (in spite of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle's supposed assertion of their See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence) are exceptionally abundant . The island is divided into four districts: Vathy, Aeto (or See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

Eagle's Cliff), Anoge (Anoi) or Upland, and Exoge (Exoi) or Outland . The name has remained attached to the island from the earliest See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical times with but little interruption of the tradition; though in See also:

• BROMPTON

Brompton's travels (12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) and in the old Venetian maps we find it called Fale or Val de Compar, and at a later date it not unfrequently appears as Little Cephalonia . This last name indicates the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Ithacan See also:

• HISTORY

history (if history it can be called) in See also:

• MODERN

modern and indeed in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times; for the fame of the island is almost solely due to its position in the Homeric See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of See also:

• ODYSSEUS (in Latin Ulixes, incorrectly written Ulysses)

Odysseus . Ithaca, according to the Homeric epos, was the royal seat and See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Odysseus . The island is incidentally described with no small variety of detail, picturesque and topographical; the Homeric localities for which counterparts have been sought are Mount Neritos, Mount Neion, the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of Phorcys, the town and See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of Odysseus, the See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain of See also:

• ARETHUSA

Arethusa, the See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of the Naiads, the stalls of the swineherd Eumaeus, the See also:

• ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

orchard of Laertes, the Korax or See also:

• RAVEN (O.E. hrafn, ,Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, Ger. Rabe)

Raven Cliff and the island Asteris, where the suitors See also:

• LAY

lay in See also:

• AMBUSH (older form, " embush," O. Fr. embusche, from the Ital. imboscata, in and bosco, a wood)

ambush for See also:

• TELEMACHUS

Telemachus .

Among the " identificationists there are two See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, one placing the town at Polis on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast in the northern See also:

• HALF

half of the island (See also:

• LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777-186o)

Leake, See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone, &c.), and the other at Aeto on the isthmus . The latter site, which was advocated by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• GELL, SIR WILLIAM (1777-1836)

Gell (See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

Topography and Antiquities of Ithaca, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1807), was supported by Dr H . See also:

• SCHLIEMANN, HEINRICH (1822-1890)

Schliemann, who carried on excavations in 1873 and 1878 (see H . Schliemann, Ithaque, le Peloponnese, Troie, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1869, also published in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German; his See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to The Times, 26th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, 1878; and the author's See also:

• LIFE

life prefixed to Ilios, London, 188o) . But his results were mainly negative . The fact is that no amount of ingenuity can reconcile the descriptions given in the Odyssey with the actual topography of this island . Above all, the passage in which the position of Ithaca is described offers See also:

• GREAT

great difficulties . " Now Ithaca lies See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, farthest up the sea See also:

• LINE

line towards the darkness, but those others See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face the dawning and the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun " (See also:

• BUTCHER

Butcher and See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang) . Such a passage fits very See also:

• ILL

ill an island lying, as Ithaca does, just to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Cephalonia . Accordingly See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor W . Dorpfeld has suggested that the Homeric Ithaca is not the island which was called Ithaca by the later Greeks, but must be identified with Leucas (See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maura, q.v.) . He succeeds in fitting the Homeric topography to this latter island, and suggests that the name may have been transferred in See also:

• CON

con-sequence of a See also:

• MIGRATION

migration of the inhabitants .

There is no doubt that Leucas fits the Homeric descriptions much better than Ithaca; but, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, many scholars maintain that it is a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake to treat the imaginary descriptions of a poet as if they were portions of a See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide-See also:

• BOOK

book, or to look, in the author of the Odyssey, for a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close familiarity with the See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography of the Ionian islands . See, besides the See also:

• WORKS

works already referred to, the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate works on Ithaca by See also:

• SCHREIBER, LADY CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH (1812-1895)

Schreiber (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1829); Riihle von Lilienstern (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1832) ; N . Karavias Grivas ('Ioropia r;~s vit rov 'I06.hns) (See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, 1849) ; See also:

• BOWEN, CHARLES SYNGE CHRISTOPHER BOWEN, BARON (1835—1894)
• BOWEN, FRANCIS (1811—1890)
• BOWEN, SIR GEORGE FERGUSON (1821—1849)

Bowen (London, 1851) ; and Gandar, (Paris, 1854) ; Hercher, in See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes (1866) ; Leake's Northern Greece; See also:

• MURE, SIR WILLIAM (1594–1657)
• MURE, WILLIAM (1799–1860)

Mure's Tour in Greece; See also:

• BURSIAN, CONRAD (1830–1883)

Bursian's Geogr. von Griechenland; Gladstone, " The Dominions of Ulysses," in See also:

• MACMILLAN

Macmillan's See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine (1877) A history of the discussions will be found in See also:

• BUCHHOLZ

Buchholz, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Homerischen Realien (Leipzig, 1871) ; Partsch, Kephallenia and Ithaka (189o) ; W . Dorpfeld in Melanges See also:

• PERROT, SIR JOHN (c. 1S27–1592)

Perrot, pp . 79-93 (1903); P . Goessler, Leukas-Ithaka (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1904) . (E .