See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

PRINCE HIROBUMI See also:

• PRINCE HIROBUMI ITO (1841-1909)

ITO (1841-1909)  , See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1841, being the son of See also:

• ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

Ito Juzo, and (like his See also:

• FATHER

father) began See also:

• LIFE

life as a See also:

• RETAINER (from " retain," Lat. retinere, to hold back, keep)

retainer of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Choshu, one of the most powerful nobles of See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . Choshu, in See also:

• COMMON

common with many of his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow Daimyos, was bitterly opposed to the See also:

• RULE

rule of the See also:

• SHOGUN (Japanese for " generalissimo ")

shogun or tycoon, and when this• rule resulted in the conclusion of the treaty with See also:

• COMMODORE (a form of " commander"; in the 17th century the term " commandore " is used)

Commodore M . C . See also:

• PERRY
• PERRY (from Fr. Moire, from poire, a pear)
• PERRY, MATTHEW CALBRAITH (1794–1858)
• PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD (1785-1819)

Perry in 1854, the smouldering discontent See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out into open hostility against both parties to the compact . In these views Ito cordially agreed with his chieftain, and was sent on a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• MISSION

mission to Yedo to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report to his lord on the doings of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . This visit had the effect of causing Ito to turn his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention seriously to the study of the See also:

• BRITISH

British and of other military systems . As a result he persuaded Choshu to remodel his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and to exchange_ the bows and arrows of his men for guns and rifles . But Ito See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that his knowledge of foreigners, if it was to be thorough, should be sought for in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and with the connivance of Choshu he, in See also:

• COMPANY

company with See also:

• INOUYE, KAORU, MARQUESS (1835– )

Inouye and three other See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men of the same See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as himself, determined to See also:

• RISK

risk their lives by committing the then See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital offence of visiting a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . With See also:

• GREAT

great secrecy they made their way to See also:

• NAGASAKI

Nagasaki, where they concluded an arrangement with the See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of Messrs Jardine, See also:

• MATHESON, GEORGE (1842-1906)

Matheson & Co. for passages on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel which was about to See also:

• SAIL

sail for See also:

• SHANGHAI

Shanghai (1863) . At that See also:

• PORT

port the adventurers separated, three of their number taking See also:

• SHIP

ship as passengers to See also:

• LONDON

London, while Ito and Inouye preferred to See also:

• WORK

work their passages before the mastin the " See also:

• PEGASUS (from Gr. lrgyor, compact, strong)

Pegasus," See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound for the same destination . For a See also:

• YEAR

year these two See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends remained in London studying See also:

• ENGLISH

English methods, but then events occurred in Japan which recalled them to their country . The See also:

• TREATIES

treaties lately concluded by the shogun with the foreign See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers conceded the right to navigate the strait of Shimonoseki, leading to the Inland See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea .

On the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern shores of this strait stretched the feudal See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state ruled over by See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Choshu, who refused to recognize the clause opening the strait, and erected batteries on the See also:

• SHORE

shore, from which he opened See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire on all See also:

• SHIPS

ships which attempted to force the passage . The shogun having declared himself unable in the circumstances to give effect to the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision, the treaty powers determined to take the See also:

• MATTER

matter into their own hands . Ito, who was better aware than his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the disproportion between the fighting powers of Europe and Japan, memorialized the cabinets, begging that hostilities should be suspended until he should have had See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to use his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence with Choshu in the interests of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . With this See also:

• OBJECT

object Ito hurried back to Japan . But his efforts were futile . Choshu refused to give way, and suffered the consequences of his obstinacy in the destruction of his batteries and in the infliction of a heavy See also:

• FINE

fine . The See also:

• PART

part played by Ito in these negotiations aroused the animosity of the more reactionary of his fellow-clansmen, who made repeated attempts to assassinate him . On one notable occasion he was pursued by his enemies into a See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, where he was concealed by a young See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady beneath the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of her See also:

• ROOM

room . Thus began a romantic acquaintance, which ended in the lady becoming the wife of the fugitive . Subsequently (1868) Ito was made See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• HIOGO

Hiogo, and in the course of the following year became See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• FINANCE

finance . In 1871 he accompanied See also:

• IWAKURA, TOMOMI, PRINCE (1835-1883)

Iwakura on an important mission to Europe, which, though diplomatically a failure, resulted in the enlistment of the services of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European authorities on military, See also:

• NAVAL

naval and educational systems . After his return to Japan Ito served in several cabinets as See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

bureau of See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering and mines, and in 1886 he accepted See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister, a See also:

• POST

post which, when he resigned in 1901, he had held four times .

In 1882 he was sent on a mission to Europe to study the various forms of constitutional government; on this occasion he attended the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation of the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander III . On his return to Japan he was entrusted with the arduous See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of drafting a constitution . In 1890 he reaped the fruits of his labours, and nine years later he was destined to See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness the See also:

• ABROGATION (Lat. abrogare, to repeal or annul a law; rogare, literally " to ask," to propose a law)

abrogation of the old treaties, and the substitution in their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of conventions which place Japan on terms of equality with the European states . In all the great reforms in the See also:

• LAND

Land of the Rising See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

Sun Ito played a leading part . It was mainly due to his active See also:

• INTEREST

interest in military and naval affairs that he was able to meet Li Hung-chang at the end of the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese and Japanese See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (1895) as the representative of the conquering state, and the conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance in 1902 testified to his triumphant success in raising Japan to the first rank among civilized powers . As a See also:

• REWARD

reward for his conspicuous services in connexion with the Chinese War Ito was made a See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis, and in 1897 he accompanied Prince See also:

• ARISUGAWA

Arisugawa as a See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint representative of the See also:

• MIKADO (Japanese for " exalted gate ")

Mikado at the See also:

• DIAMOND

Diamond See also:

• JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

Jubilee of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of 19oI he again, though in an unofficial capacity, visited Europe and the See also:

• UNITED

United States; and in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England he was created a G.C.B . After the Russo-Japanese War (1905) he was appointed See also:

• RESIDENT

resident See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in See also:

• KOREA
• KOREA, or COREA (CH'AO HSIEN, DAI HAN)

Korea, and in that capacity he was responsible for the steps taken to increase Japanese influence in that country . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1907 he was advanced to the rank of prince . He retired from his post in Korea in See also:

• JULY

July 1909, and became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council in Japan . But on the 26th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, when on a visit to See also:

• HARBIN, or KHARBIN

Harbin, he was shot dead by a Korean f See also:

• ASSASSIN (properly Hashish n, from Hashish, the opiate made from the juice of hemp leaves)

assassin . He is to be distinguished from See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Yuko Ito (b .

1843), the distinguished naval See also:

• COMMANDER

commander .