See also:

• ITURBIDE (or YTURBIDE), AUGUSTIN DE (1783-1824)

ITURBIDE (or YTURBIDE), AUGUSTIN DE (1783-1824)  , See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico from May 1822 to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1823, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 27th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1783, at See also:

• VALLADOLID

Valladolid, now See also:

• MORELIA (formerly Valladolid)

Morelia, in Mexico, where his See also:

• FATHER

father, an Old Spaniard from Pampeluna, had settled with his See also:

• CREOLE (the Fr. form of criollo, a West Indian, probably a negro corruption of the Span. criadillo, the dim. of criado, one bred or reared, from criar, to breed, a derivative of the Lat. creare, to create)

creole wife . After enjoying a better See also:

• EDUCATION

education than was then usual in Mexico, See also:

• ITURBIDE (or YTURBIDE), AUGUSTIN DE (1783-1824)

Iturbide entered the military service, and in 1810 held the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in the provincial See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of his native See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . In that See also:

• YEAR

year the insurrection under See also:

• HIDALGO
• HIDALGO (a Spanish word, contracted from hijo d'algo or hijo de algo, son of something, or somewhat)

Hidalgo See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, and Iturbide, more from policy, it would seem, than from principle, served in the royal See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . Possessed of splendid courage and brilliant military talents, which fitted him especially for guerilla warfare, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young creole did See also:

• SIGNAL

signal service, and rapidly See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in military See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1813 See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Iturbide, along with See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Llano, dealt a crushing See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to the revolt by defeating See also:

• MORELOS

Morelos, the successor of Hidalgo, in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Valladolid; and the former followed it up by another decisive victory at Puruaran in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1814 . Next year See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Augustin was appointed to the command of the army of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and to the governorship of the provinces of Valladolid and See also:

• GUANAJUATO, or GUANAXUATO
• GUANAJUATO, or SANTA FE DE GUANAJUATO

Guanajuato, but in 1816 See also:

• GRAVE

grave charges of See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion and violence were brought against him, which led to his recall . Although the general was acquitted, or at least although the inquiry was dropped, he did not resume his commands, but retired into private See also:

• LIFE

life for four years, which, we are told, he spent in a rigid course of See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance for his former excesses . In 1820 Apodaca, See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of Mexico, received instructions from the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

cortes to proclaim the constitution promulgated in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in 1812, but although obliged at first to submit to an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order by which his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was much curtailed, he secretly cherished the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of reviving the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute power for See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand VII. in Mexico . Under pretext of putting down the lingering remains of revolt, he levied troops, and, placing Iturbide at their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, instructed him to proclaim the absolute power of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . Four years of reflection, however, had modified the general's views, and now, led both by See also:

• PERSONAL

personal ambition and by patriotic regard for his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, Iturbide resolved to espouse the cause of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . His subsequent proceedings—how he issued the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

Plan of Iguala, on the 24th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1821, how by the refusal of the Spanish cortes to ratify the treaty of See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, which he had signed with O'Donoju, he was transformed from a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy into a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the See also:

• CROWN

crown, and how, hailed by the soldiers as Emperor Augustin I. on the 18th of May 1822, he was compelled within ten months, by his arrogant neglect of constitutional restraints, to See also:

• TENDER

tender his See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication to a See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress which he had forcibly dissolved—will be found detailed under ME moo . Although the congress refused to accept his abdication on the ground that to do so would be to recognize the validity of his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, it permitted the ex-emperor to retire to See also:

• LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, while in See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of his services in 1820 a yearly See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of £5000 was conferred upon him .

But Iturbide resolved to make one more bid for power; and in 1824, passing from Leghorn to See also:

• LONDON

London, he published a Statement, and on the 11th of May set See also:

• SAIL

sail for Mexico . The congress immediately issued an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• OUTLAWRY

outlawry against him, forbidding him to set See also:

• FOOT

foot on Mexican See also:

• SOIL

soil on See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of See also:

• DEATH

death . Ignorant of this, the ex-emperor landed in disguise at See also:

• SOTO, FERDINANDO [FERNANDO, Or HERNANDO] DE (1496?—1542)

Soto la Marina on the 14th of See also:

• JULY

July . He was almost immediately recognized and arrested, and on the 19th of July 1824 was shot at See also:

• PADILLA, JUAN LOPEZ DE

Padilla, by order of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• TAMAULIPAS

Tamaulipas, without being permitted an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the general congress . Don Augustin de Iturbide is described by his contemporaries as being of handsome figure and ingratiating manner . His brilliant courage and wonderful success made him the idol of his soldiers, though towards his prisoners he displayed the most See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold-blooded See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, boasting in one of his despatches of having honoured See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday by See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred excommunicated wretches . Though described as amiable in his private life, he seems in his public career to have been ambitious andunscrupulous, and by his haughty Spanish See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, impatient of all resistance or See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, to have forfeited the opportunity of See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a secure imperial See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty . His See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson Augustin was chosen by the See also:

• ILL

ill-fated emperor See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian as his successor . See Statement of some of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal events in the public life of Augustin de Iturbide, written by himself (Eng. trans., 1824) .