See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

IVAN I  ., called Kalita, or See also:

• MONEY

Money-Bag (d . 1341), See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• VLADIMIR
• VLADIMIR, ST (c. 956-1015)

Vladimir, was the first sobiratel, or " gatherer "of the scattered See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian lands, thereby laying the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the future See also:

• AUTOCRACY (Gr. abroepareca, absolute power)

autocracy as a See also:

• NATIONAL

national institution . This he contrived to do by adopting a policy of See also:

• COMPLETE

complete subserviency to the See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

khan of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• HORDE

Horde, who, in return for a liberal and punctual See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute, permitted him to aggrandize himself at the expense of the lesser grand See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes . See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow and See also:

• TVER

Tver were the first to fall . The latter 4 See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod altogether; but though he frequently violated its See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan received from the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of the khan, after devastating it See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient privileges in See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor matters, the attitude of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic with a See also:

• HOST

host of 50,000 See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars (1327) . When See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander of Tver was so wary that his looked-for opportunity did not come till fled to the powerful See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• PSKOV

Pskov, Ivan, not strong enough to i 1479 . In that See also:

• YEAR

year the ambassadors of Novgorod played into attack Pskov, procured the banishment of Alexander by the aid his hands by addressing him in public See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience as " Gosudar " of the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan, Theognost, who threatened Pskov with an (See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign) instead of " Gospodin " (" See also:

• SIR

Sir ") as heretofore . Ivan See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict . In 1330 Ivan eatended his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over Rostov at once seized upon this as a recognition of his See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty, by the drastic methods of See also:

• BLACKMAIL

blackmail and See also:

• HANGING

hanging . But See also:

• GREAT

Great and when the Novgorodians repudiated their ambassadors, he Novgorod was too strong for him, and twice he threatened that marched against them . Deserted by Casimir IV., and surrounded republic in vain . In 1340 Ivan assisted the khan to ravage the on every See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by the See also:

• MUSCOVITE

Muscovite armies, which included a Tatar domains of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Ivan of See also:

• SMOLENSK

Smolensk, who had refused to pay the contingent, the republic recognized Ivan as autocrat, and customary tribute to the Horde .

Ivan's own domains, at any See also:

• RATE

rate during his reign, remained See also:

• FREE

free from Tatar incursions, and prospered correspondingly, thus attracting immigrants and their See also:

• WEALTH

wealth from the other surrounding principalities . Ivan was a most careful, not to say niggardly economist, keeping an exact See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of every See also:

• VILLAGE

village or piece of See also:

• PLATE

plate that his money-bags acquired, whence his See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname . The most important event of his reign was the transference of the metropolitan see from Vladimir to Moscow, which gave Muscovy the pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence over all the other Russian states, and made the metropolitan the ecclesiastical See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police-See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the grand duke . The Metropolitan See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter built the first See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of Moscow, he emerged victorious .