See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

IVORY (Fr. ivoire, See also:

• LAT

Lat. ebur)  , strictly speaking a See also:

• TERM

term confined to the material represented by the tusk of the See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant, and for commercial purposes almost entirely to that of the male elephant . In See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa both the male and See also:

• FEMALE

female elephant produce See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good-sized tusks; in the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian variety the female is much less bountifully provided, and in See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon perhaps not more than 1% of either See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex have any tusks at all . See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

Ivory is in substance very dense, the pores See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close and compact and filled with a gelatinous See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution which contributes to the beautiful See also:

• POLISH

polish which may be given to it and makes it easy to See also:

• WORK

work . It may be placed between See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone and See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn; more fibrous than bone and therefore less easily torn or splintered . For a scientific See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition it would be difficult to find a better one than that given by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen . He says: " The name ivory is now restricted to that modification of den-tine or tooth substance which in transverse sections or fractures shows lines of different See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, or striae, proceeding in the arc of a circle and forming by their decussations See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute See also:

• CURVILINEAR

curvilinear See also:

• LOZENGE (from the Fr. losenge, or losange; the word also appears in Span. losanje, and Ital. losanga; perhaps derived from a word meaning a stone slab laid on a grave, which appears in forms such as Provencal lousa, Span. losa, the ultimate origin of whic

lozenge-shaped spaces." These spaces are formed by an immense number of exceedingly minute tubes placed very close together, radiating outwards in all directions . It is to this arrangement of structure that ivory owes its See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and almost perfect See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity, and the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar marking resembling the See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine-turning on the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch, by which many See also:

• PEOPLE

people are guided in distinguishing it from celluloid or other imitations . Elephants' tusks are the upper incisor See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth of the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, which, starting in earliest youth from a semi-solid vascular pulp, grow during the whole of its existence, gathering See also:

• PHOSPHATES

phosphates and other earthy matters and becoming hardened as in the formation of teeth generally . The tusk is built up in layers, the inside layer being the last produced . A large proportion is embedded in the bone sockets of the See also:

• SKULL

skull, and is hollow for some distance up in a conical See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the hollow becoming less and less as it is prolonged into a narrow channel which runs along as a See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread or as it is sometimes called, See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve, towards the point of the tooth . The See also:

• OUTER

outer layer, or bark, is See also:

• ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel of similar See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density to the central 'Lecture before the Society of Arts (1856).See also:

• PART

part . Besides the elephant's tooth or tusk we recognize as ivory, for commercial purposes, the teeth of the See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus, See also:

• WALRUS, or MORSE (Odobaenus rosmarus)

walrus, See also:

• NARWHAL

narwhal, cachalot or sperm-See also:

• WHALE

whale and of some animals of the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar class, such as the warthog of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Africa .

I'racticalIy, however, amongst these the See also:

• HIPPO

hippo and walrus tusks are the only ones of importance for large work, though boars' tusks come to the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale-rooms in considerable quantities from See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and Africa . Generally speaking, the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of ivory imported into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe comes from Africa; some is See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic, but much that is shipped from India is really See also:

• AFRICAN

African, coming by way of See also:

• ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar and See also:

• MOZAMBIQUE [Sao Sebastiao de Mocambique]

Mozambique to Bombay . A certain amount is furnished by the vast stores of remains of prehistoric animals still existing through-out See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, principally in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia in the neighbourhood of the See also:

• LENA

Lena and other See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers discharging into the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Ocean . The See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

mammoth and See also:

• MASTODON (Gr. µavTos, breast, &bobs, tooth)

mastodon seem at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to have been See also:

• COMMON

common over the whole See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the globe . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England tusks have been recently dug up—for instance at See also:

• DUNGENESS

Dungeness—as See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as 12 ft. and weighing 200 lb . The Siberian deposits have been worked for now nearly two centuries . The See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store appears to be as in-exhaustible as a coalfield . Some think that a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day may come when the spread of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization may cause the utter disappearance of the elephant in Africa, and that it will be to these deposits that we may have to turn as the only source of animal ivory . Of See also:

• LATE

late years in England the use of mammoth ivory has shown signs of decline . Practically none passed through the See also:

• LONDON

London sale-rooms during 1903-1906 . Before that, parcels of 10 to 20 tons were not uncommon . Not all of it is good; perhaps about See also:

• HALF

half of what comes to England is so, the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest rotten; specimens, however, are found as perfect and in as fine See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition as if recently killed, instead of having lain hidden and preserved for thousands of See also:

• YEAR

year in the icy ground .

There is a considerable literature (see See also:

• SHOOTING

SHOOTING) on the subject of big-See also:

• GAME

game See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, which includes that of the elephant, hippopotamus and smaller tusk-bearing animals . Elephants until comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent times roamed over the whole of Africa from the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern deserts to the Cape of Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope . They are still abundant in Central Africa and See also:

• UGANDA

Uganda, but civilization has gradually driven them farther and farther into the wilds and impenetrable forests of the interior . The quality of ivory varies according to the districts whence it is obtained, the soft variety of the eastern parts of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent being the most esteemed . When in perfect condition African ivory should he if recently cut of a warm, transparent, mellow tint, with as little as possible See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of grain or mottling . Asiatic ivory is of a denser See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, more open in texture and softer to work . But it is See also:

• APT

apt to turn yellow sooner, and is not so easy to polish . Unlike bone, ivory requires no preparation, but is See also:

• FIT

fit for immediate working . That from the neighbourhood of Cameroon is very good, then ranks the ivory from See also:

• LOANGO

Loango, See also:

• CONGO

Congo, See also:

• GABUN

Gabun and See also:

• AMBRIZ

Ambriz; next the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast, Sierra Leone and Cape Coast See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle . That of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan is nearly always " ringy," and some of the Ambriz variety also . We may See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call Zanzibar and Mozambique varieties soft; See also:

• ANGOLA

Angola and Ambriz all hard . Ambriz ivory was at one time much es-teemed, but there is comparatively little now .

See also:

• SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam ivory is rarely if ever soft . Abyssinian has its soft See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, but See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt is practically the only See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where both descriptions are largely distributed . A See also:

• DRAWBACK

drawback to Abyssinian ivory is a prevalence of a rather thick bark . See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian is liable to be cracked, from the extreme See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of temperature; more so formerly than now, since better methods of packing and transit are used . Ivory is extremely sensitive to sudden extremes of temperature; for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason billiard balls should be kept where the temperature is fairly equable . The See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market terms by which descriptions of ivory are distinguished are liable to mislead . They refer to ports of shipment rather than to places of origin . For instance, " See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta " ivory is a well-understood term, yet there are no ivory producing animals in that See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . Tusks should be See also:

• REGULAR

regular and tapering in shape, not very curved or See also:

• TWISTED

twisted, for See also:

• ECONOMY

economy in cutting; the coat fine, thin, clear and transparent . The substance of ivory is so elastic and flexible that excellent See also:

• RIDING

riding-whips have been cut longitudinally from whole tusks . The See also:

• SIZE

size to which tusks grow and are brought to market depends on See also:

• RACE

race rather than on size of elephants . The latter run largest in See also:

• EQUATORIAL

equatorial Africa .

Asiatic See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull elephant tusks seldom exceed 5o lb in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, though lengths of 9 ft. and up to 15o lb weight are not entirely unknown . See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record lengths for African tusks are the one presented to See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George V., when See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, on his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage (1893), measuring 8 ft . 71 in. and weighing 165 lb, and the pair of tusks which were brought to the Zanzibar market by natives in 1898, weighing together over 450 lb . One of the latter is new in the Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History Museum at South See also:

• KENSINGTON

Kensington ; the other is in Messrs See also:

• RODGERS, JOHN (1771—1838)

Rodgers & Co.'s collection at See also:

• SHEFFIELD
• SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOLROYD, 1ST EARL

Sheffield . For length the longest known are those belonging to Messrs See also:

• ROWLAND, HENRY AUGUSTUS (1848-1901)

Rowland See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward, Piccadilly, which measure 11 ft. and 11 ft . 5 in. respectively, with a combined weight of 293 lb . Osteodentine, resulting from the effects of injuries from spearheads or bullets, is sometimes found in tusks . This formation, resembling See also:

• STALACTITES (Gr. (rraXaicros, from vraXaQVecv, to drip)

stalactites, grows with the tusk, the bullets or See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron remaining embedded without trace of their entry . The most important commercial distinction of the qualities of ivory is that of the hard and soft varieties . The terms are difficult to define exactly . Generally speaking, hard or See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright ivory is distinctly harder to cut with the saw or other tools . It is, as it were, glassy and transparent .

Soft contains more moisture, stands See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences of See also:

• CLIMATE

climate and temperature better, and does not crack so easily . The See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert is guided by the shape of the tooth, by the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and quality of the bark or skin, and by the transparency when cut, or even before, as at the point of the tooth . Roughly, a See also:

• LINE

line might be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn almost centrally down the See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of Africa, on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of which the hard quality prevails, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east the soft . In choosing ivory for example for See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife-handles—people rather like to see a See also:

• PRETTY

pretty grain, strongly marked; but the finest quality in the hard variety, which is generally used for them, is the closest and freest from grain . The curved or canine teeth of the hippopotamus are valuable and come in considerable quantities to the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European markets . Owen describes this variety as " an extremely dense, compact See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of dentine, partially defended on the outside by a thin layer of enamel as hard as See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain; so hard as to strike See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire with See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel." By reason of this hardness it is not at all liked by the See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

turner and ivory workers, and before being touched by them the enamel has to be removed by See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, or sometimes by See also:

• HEATING

heating and sudden cooling, when it can be scaled off . The texture is slightly curdled, mottled or damasked . Hippo ivory was at one time largely used for artificial teeth, but now mostly for See also:

• UMBRELLA

umbrella and stick-handles; whole (in their natural form) for See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door-handles and the like . In the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade the term is not " riverhorse " but " seahorse teeth." Walrus ivory is less dense and coarser than hippo, but of fine quality—what there is of it, for the See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval centre which has more the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of coarse bone unfortunately extends a long way up . At one time a large supply came to the market, but of late years there has been an increasing scarcity, the animals having been almost exterminated by the ruthless persecution to which they have been subjected in their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal haunts in the northern seas . It is little esteemed now, though our ancestors thought highly of it . Comparatively large slabs are to be found in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture of the 11th and 12th centuries, and the grips of most See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental swords, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MODERN

modern, are made from it .

The ivory from the single tusk or horn of the narwhal is not of much commercial value except as an See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament or curiosity . Some horns attain a length of 8 to to ft., 4 in. thick at the See also:

• BASE

base . It is dense in substance and of a See also:

• FAIR

fair colour, but owing to the central cavity there is little of it fit for anything larger than napkin-rings . Ivory in See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce, and its See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

Industrial Applications.—Almost the whole of the importation of ivory to Europe was until recent years confined to London, the principal distributing mart of the See also:

• WORLD

world . But the opening up of the Congo trade has placed the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp in a position which has equalled and, for a time, may surpass that of London . Other important markets93 are See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool and See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg; and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal have colonial possessions in Africa, from which it is imported . See also:

• AMERICA

America is a considerable importer for its own requirements . From the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Cameroon alone, according to Schilling, there were exported during the ten years ending 1905, 452,1.00 kilos of ivory . Mr See also:

• BUXTON
• BUXTON, JEDEDIAH (1707–1772)
• BUXTON, SIR THOMAS POWELL (1786-1845)

Buxton estimates the amount of ivory imported into the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom at about 500 tons . If we give the same to Antwerp we have from these two ports alone no less than l000 tons a year to be provided .. Allowing a weight so high as 30 lb per pair of tusks (which is far too high, perhaps twice too= high) we should have here alone between See also:

• THIRTY

thirty and See also:

• FORTY

forty thoesand elephants to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for . It is true that every pair of tusks that comes to the market represents a dead elephant, but not necessarily by any means a slain or even a recently killed one, as is popularly supposed and unfortunately too often repeated .

By far the greater proportion is the result of stores accumulated by natives, a good part coming from animals which have died a natural See also:

• DEATH

death . Not 2o% is live ivory or recently killed; the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder is known in the trade as dead ivory . In 1827 the principal London ivory importers imported 3000 cwt. in 1850, 8000 cwt . The highest See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price up to 1855 was £55 per cwt . At the my sales in 1905 a record price was reached for billiard-See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball teeth of £167 per cwt . The See also:

• TOTAL

total imports into the United Kingdom were, according to See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of Trade returns, in 1890, 14,349 cwt . ; in 1895, 10,911 CWt . ; in 1900, 9889 Cwt . ; in 1904, 9045 cwt . From Messrs See also:

• HALE, EDWARD EVERETT (1822-1909)
• HALE, HORATIO (1817–1896)
• HALE, JOHN PARKER (1806–1873)
• HALE, NATHAN (1756-1776)
• HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676)
• HALE, WILLIAM GARDNER (1849- )

Hale & Son's (ivory brokers, to Fenchurch See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

Avenue) Ivory See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report of the second quarterly sales in London, See also:

• APRIL

April 1906, it appears that the following were offered: Tons . From Zanzibar, Bombay, Mozambique and Siam 17 Egyptian . . 194 West Coast African .

11 See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon I Abyssinian . 64 55 See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse (hippopotamus teeth) . 11 Walrus 4 See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

Waste ivory 1o4 674 Hard ivory was scarce . West Coast African was principally of the Gabun description, and some of very fine quality . There was very little inquiry for walrus . The highest prices ranged as follows: Soft East Coast tusks (Zanzibar, Mozambique, Bombay and Siam), 102 to 143 lb. each £66, 1os. to £75, 10s. per cwt . Billiard-ball scrivelloes, £104, per cwt . Cut points for billiard-balls (3k in. to 21 to 3 in.) £114 to £151 per cwt . Seahorse (for best), 3s . 6d. to 4S . Id. per lb . Boars' tusks, 6d. to 7d. per lb .

Quantities of ivory offered to Public See also:

• AUCTION

auction (from Messrs Hale & Son's Reports) . 1903 . 1904 . 1905 . Tons . Tons . Tons . Zanzibar, Bombay, Mozambique and Siam 81 75 76 Egyptian . 494 724 811 Abyssinian 224 94 234 West Coast African 461 394 414 Lisbon . 3 3 1 s 2034 200 2244 Seahorse teeth and Boars' tusks . 7 94 74 2104 2094 2311 Fluctuations in prices of ivory at the London Sale-See also:

• ROOM

Room (from Messrs Hale ee Son's Charts, which. show the prices at each quarterly sale from 1870) . 187o .

1880 . 189o . 1900 . 1905 . Billiard Ball pieces . . . . £55 £90 £112 £68 £167 Averages 30 38 50 29 48 Hard Egyptian 36 to 5o lb . . . Soft East Indian 50 to 70 lb . 67 55 88 57 72 West Coast African 5o to 70 lb . 36 57 65 48 61 Hard East African 50 to 70 lb . . 37 49 64 48 61 In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1889 soft East Indian fetched an See also:

• AVERAGE

average of £82 per cwt., but in several instances higher prices were realized, and one See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot reached £88 per cwt .

At the Liverpool April sales 1906 about 74 tons were offered from Gabun, Angola, and Cameroon (from the last 5 tons) . To the port of Antwerp the imports were 683o cwt. in 1904 and 6570 cwt. in 1905; of which 5310 cwt. and 4890 cwt. respectively were from the Congo See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State . The leading London sales are held quarterly in Mincing See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane, a very interesting and wonderful display of tusks and ivory of all kinds being laid out previously for inspection in the See also:

• GREAT

great warehouses known as the " Ivory See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

Floor " in the London docks . The quarterly Liverpool sales follow the London ones, with a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• INTERVAL

interval . The important part which ivory plays in the industrial arts not only for decorative, but also for domestic applications is hardly sufficiently recognized . Nothing is wasted of this valuable product . Hundreds of sacks full of cuttings and shavings, and scraps returned by manufacturers after they have used what they require for their particular trade, come to the mart . The dust is used for polishing, and in the preparation of Indian See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink, and even for See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food in the form of ivory jelly . The scraps come in for in-laying and for the numberless purposes in which ivory is used for small domestic and decorative See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . India, which has been called the backbone of the trade, takes enormous quantities of the rings See also:

• LEFT

left in the turning of billiard-balls, which serve as See also:

• WOMEN

women's bangles, 'or for making small toys and See also:

• MODELS

models, and in other characteristic Indian work . Without endeavouring to enumerate all the applications, a glance may be See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast at the most important of those which consume the largest quantity . See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Chief among these is the manufacture of billiard-balls, of See also:

• CUTLERY (Fr. coutellerie, from the Lat. cultellus, a little knife)

cutlery handles, of piano-keys and of brushware and See also:

• TOILET

toilet articles .

Billiard-balls demand the highest quality of ivory; for the best balls the soft description is employed, though recently, through the competition of bonzoline and similar substitutes, the hard has been more used in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that the weight may be assimilated to that of the artificial kind . Therefore the most valuable tusks of all are those adapted for the billiard-ball trade . The term used is " scrivelloes," and is applied to teeth proper for the purpose, weighing not over about 7 lb . The See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the tusk into smaller pieces for subsequent manufacture, in order to avoid waste, is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of importance . The accompanying diagrams (See also:

• FIGS

figs . 1 and 2) show the method; the cuts are made radiating from an imaginary centre of the See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of the tusk . In after processes the various trades have their own particular methods for making the most of the material . In making a billiard-ball of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English size the first thing to be done is to rough out, from the cylindrical See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, a See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere about 2* in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, which will eventually be 2 i/1g or sometimes for See also:

• PRO

pro- fessional players a lit- tle larger . One hemi- sphere—as shown in the diagrams (fig . 2) —is first turned, and the resulting See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring de- tached with a parting See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool . The diameter is accurately taken and the subsequent removals taken off in other directions .