See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• SIR JAMES IVORY (1765-1842)

IVORY (1765-1842)  , Scottish mathematician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• DUNDEE
• DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, VISCOUNT (c. 1649-1689)

Dundee in 1765 . In 1779 he entered the university of St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews, distinguishing himself especially in See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics . He then studied See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology; but, after two sessions at St Andrews and one at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, he abandoned all See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and in 1786 he became an assistant-teacher of mathematics and natural philosoghy in a newly established See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy at Dundee . Three years later he became partner in and manager of a See also:

• FLAX

flax-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning See also:

• COMPANY

company at Douglastown in See also:

• FORFARSHIRE, or ANGUS

Forfarshire, still, however, prosecuting in moments of leisure his favourite studies . He was essentially a self-trained mathematician, and was not only deeply versed in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry, but also had a full knowledge of the See also:

• ANALYTICAL

analytical methods and discoveries of the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental mathematicians . His earliest memoir, dealing with an analytical expression for the rectification of the See also:

• ELLIPSE (adapted from Gr. EXkei 'tc, a deficiency, iXXeirely, to fall behind)

ellipse, is published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1796); and this and his later papers on " Cubic Equations " (1799) and " See also:

• KEPLER, JOHANN (1571-1630)

Kepler's Problem " (1802) evince See also:

• GREAT

great facility in the handling of algebraic formulae . In 1804 after the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the flax-spinning company of which he was manager, he obtained one of the mathematical chairs in the Royal Military See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College at See also:

• MARLOW (GREAT MARLOW)

Marlow (afterwards removed to See also:

• SANDHURST

Sandhurst); and till the See also:

• YEAR

year 1816, when failing See also:

• HEALTH

health obliged him to resign, he discharged his professional duties with remarkable success . During this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he published in the Philosophical Transactions several important See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, which earned for him the See also:

• COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON (1737—1815)

Copley See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal in 1814 and ensured his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election as a See also:

• FELLOW

Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815 . Of See also:

• SPECIAL

special importance in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of attractions is the first of these earlier memoirs (Phil . Trans., 1809), in which the problem of the attraction of a homogeneous See also:

• ELLIPSOID

ellipsoid upon an See also:

• EXTERNAL

external point is reduced to the simpler See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the attraction of another but related ellipsoid upon a corresponding point interior to it . This theorem is known as See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

Ivory's theorem . His later papers in the Philosophical Transactions treat of astronomical refractions, of planetary perturbations, of See also:

• EQUILIBRIUM (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and libra, a balance)

equilibrium of fluid masses, &c .

For his investigations in the first named of these he received a royal medal in 1826 and again in 1839 . In 1831, on the recommendation of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BROUGHAM
• BROUGHAM, JOHN (1814-188o)

Brougham, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IV. granted him a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of £300 per annum, and conferred on him the Hanoverian Guelphic See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood . Besides being directly connected with the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief scientific See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies of his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Irish Academy, &c., he was corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Sciences both of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, and of the Royal Society of See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen . He died at See also:

• LONDON

London on the 21st of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1842 . A See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of his See also:

• WORKS

works is given in the See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of Scientific Papers of the Royal Society of London .