See also:

• IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, anent)

IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, anent)  , the collective designation of certain See also:

• SPECIES

species and varieties of Hedera, a member of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Araliaceae . r . See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

Flower . 2 . See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

Fruit . There are fifty species of See also:

• IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, anent)

ivy recorded in See also:

• MODERN

modern books, but they may be reduced to two, or at the most, three . The See also:

• EUROPEAN

European ivy, Hedera See also:

• HELIX (Gr. € tE, a spiral or twist)

Helix (fig . I), is a plant subject to See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite variety in the forms and See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours of its leaves, but the tendency of which is always to a three- to five-lobed See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form when climbing and a See also:

• REGULAR

regular ovate form of See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf when producing flower and fruit . The See also:

• AFRICAN

African ivy, H. canariensis, often regarded as a variety of H . Helix and known as the Irish ivy, is a native of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and t'-e adjacent islands . It is the cornmon large-leaved climbing ivy, and also varies, but in a less degree than H . Helix, from which its leaves differ in their larger See also:

• SIZE

size, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich deep See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and a prevailing tendency to a five-lobed outline .

When in fruit the leaves are usually three-lobed, but they are sometimes entire and broadly ovate . The See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic ivy, H. colchica (fig . 2), now considered to be a form of H . Helix, has ovate, obscurely three-lobed leaves of a coriaceous texture and a deep green colour; in the See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree or fruiting form the leaves are narrower than in the climbing form, and without any trace of lobes . Distinctive characters are also to be found in the appendages of the pedicels and calyx, H . Helix having six-rayed stellate hairs, H. canariensis fifteen-rayed hairs and H. colchica yellowish two-lobed scales . The Australian ivy, H. australiana, is a small glabrous See also:

• SHRUB

shrub with pinnate leaves . It is a native of See also:

• QUEENSLAND

Queensland, and is practically unknown in cultivation . It is of the utmost importance to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note the difference of See also:

• CHAR (Salvelinus)

char- acters of the same species of ivy in its two conditions of climbing and fruiting . The first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of growth, which we will suppose to be from the See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed, is essentially scandent, and the leaves are lobed more or less . This stage is accompanied with a plentiful See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of the claspers or modified roots by means of which the plant becomes at- tached and obtains sup- See also:

• PORT

port . When it has reached the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the tree or See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, the stems, being no longer able to maintain a per- pendicular attitude, fall over and become See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal or pendent .

Coincidently with this See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change they cease to produce claspers, and the leaves are strik- ingly modified in form, being now narrower and less lobed than on the ascending stems . In due See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time this tree-like growth produces terminal umbels of greenish See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, which have the parts in See also:

• FIVES

fives, with the styles See also:

• UNITED

united into a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short one . These flowers are succeeded by smooth See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black or yellow berries, containing two to five seeds . The yellow-berried ivy is met with in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, but in northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe it is known only as a curiosity of the See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, where, if sufficiently sheltered and nourished, it becomes an exceedingly beautiful and fruitful tree . It is stated in books that some forms of sylvestral ivy never flower, but a negative See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind is valueless . Sylvestral ivies of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age may be found in See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods on the western coasts of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain that have apparently never flowered, but this is probably to be explained by their inability to surmount the trees supporting them, for until the plant can spread its branches horizontally in full daylight, the flowering or tree-like growth is never formed . A question of great See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical importance arises out of the relation of the plant to its means of support . A moderate growth of ivy is not injurious to trees; still the tendency is from the first inimical to the prosperity of the tree, and at a certain stage it becomes deadly . Therefore the growth of ivy on trees should be kept within reasonable See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds, more especially in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of trees that are of See also:

• SPECIAL

special value for their beauty, See also:

• HISTORY

history, or the quality of their See also:

• TIMBER

timber . In regard to buildings clothed with ivy, there is nothing to be feared so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the plant does not penetrate the substance of the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall by means of any fissure . Should it thrust its way in, the natural and continuous expansion of its several parts will necessarily hasten the decay of the edifice . But a See also:

• FAIR

fair growth of ivy on See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound walls that afford no entrance beyond the superficial See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment of the claspers is, without any exception whatever, beneficial .

It promotes dryness and warmth, reduces to a minimum the corrosive See also:

• ACTION

action of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, and is altogether as conservative as it is beautiful . The economical uses of the ivy are not of great importance . The leaves are eaten greedily by horses, See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, and in times of scarcity have proved useful . The flowers afford a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey to bees; and, as they appear in autumn, they occasionally make amends for the shortcomings of the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The berries are eaten by See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood pigeons, blackbirds and thrushes . From all parts of the plant a balsamic See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter may be obtained, and this in the form of hederic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid is the only preparation of ivy known to chemists . In the garden the uses of the ivy are innumerable, and the least known though not the least valuable of them is the cultivation of the plant as a See also:

• BUSH

bush or tree, the fruiting growth being selected for this purpose . The variegated tree forms of H . Helix,with leaves of creamy See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, See also:

• GOLDEN

golden green or rich deep See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange yellow, soon prove handsome See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature trees, that thrive almost as well in smoky See also:

• TOWN

town gardens as in the pure See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and that no See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter will injure in the least . The tree-form of the Asiatic ivy (H. colchica) is scarcely to be equalled in beauty of leafage by any See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen shrub known to See also:

• ENGLISH

English gardens, and, although in the course of a few years it will attain to a stature of 5 or 6 ft., it is but rarely we meet with it, or indeed with tree ivies of any kind, but little See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention having been given to this subject until See also:

• RECENT

recent years . The scandent forms are more generally appreciated, and are now much employed in the formation of marginal lines, screens and trained pyramids, as well as for clothing walls . A very striking example of the capabilities of the commonest ivies, when treated artistically as garden See also:

• PLANTS

plants, may be seen in the Zoological Gardens of See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, where several paddocks are enclosed with wreaths, garlands and bands of ivy in a most picturesque manner .

About sixty varieties known in gardens are figured and described in The Ivy, a Monograph, by See also:

• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), JAMES (1596-1666)
• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), SIR ANTHONY (1565-c. 1635)
• SHIRLEY, WILLIAM (1694-1771)

Shirley Hibberd (1872) . To cultivate these is an extremely See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• MATTER

matter, as they will thrive in a poor See also:

• SOIL

soil and endure a considerable See also:

• DEPTH

depth of shade, so that they may with See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage be planted under trees . The See also:

• COMMON

common Irish ivy is often to be seen clothing the ground beneath large See also:

• YEW (Taxus baccata)

yew trees where grass would not live, and it is occasionally planted in graveyards in See also:

• LONDON

London to form an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of grass See also:

• TURF

turf, for which purpose it is admirably suited . The ivy, like the See also:

• HOLLY (Ilex Aquifolium)

holly, is a scarce plant on the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . In the northern United States and See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• AMERICA

America the winters are not more severe than the ivy can endure, but the summers are too hot and dry, and the requirements of the plant have not often obtained attention . In districts where native ferns abound the ivy will be found to thrive, and the varieties of Hedera Helix should have the preference . But in the drier districts ivies might often be planted on the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of buildings, and, if encouraged with See also:

• WATER

water and careful training for three or four years, would then grow rapidly and See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train them-selves . A strong See also:

• LIGHT

light is detrimental to the growth of ivy, but this enhances its value, for we have no See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy plants that may be compared with it for variety and beauty that will endure shade with equal See also:

• PATIENCE

patience . The North American See also:

• POISON

poison ivy (poison See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak), Rhus Toxicodendron (nat. order Anacardiaceae), is a climber with pinnately See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound leaves, which are very attractive in their autumn colour but poisonous to the See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch to some persons, while others can handle the plant without injury . The effects are redness and violent itching followed by See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever and a vesicular eruption . The ground ivy, Nepeta Glechoma (nat. order See also:

• LABIATAE (i.e. " lipped," Lat. labium, lip)

Labiatae), is a small creeping plant with rounded crenate leaves and small See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-See also:

• PURPLE

purple flowers, occurring in hedges and thickets .