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PRINCE TOMOMI IWAKURA (1835-1883)

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 102 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PRINCE TOMOMI IWAKURA (1835-1883)  ,
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Japanese states-man, was born in
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Kioto . He was one of the court nobles (kuge) of
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Japan, and he traced his descent to the emperor Murakami (A.o . 947-967) . A man of profound ability and singular force of character, he acted a leading
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part in the complications preceding the fall of the
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Tokugawa shogunate, and was obliged to fly from Kioto accompanied by his coadjutor, Prince Sanjo . They took
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refuge with the Daimyo of Choshu, and, while there, established relations which contributed greatly to the ultimate union of the two
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great fiefs, Satsuma and Choshu, for the
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work of the Restoration . From 1867 until the day of his
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death Iwakura was one of the most prominent figures on the
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political stage . In 1871 he proceeded to
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America and
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Europe at the head of an imposing
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embassy of some fifty persons, the
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object being to explain to
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foreign governments the actual conditions existing in Japan, and to pave the way for negotiating new
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treaties consistent with her
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sovereign rights . Little success attended the
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mission . Returning to Japan in 1873, Iwakura found the
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cabinet divided as to the manner of dealing with Korea's insulting attitude . He advocated peace, and his influence carried the day, thus removing a difficulty which, though apparently of minor dimensions, might have changed the whole course of Japan's
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modern
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history . I XION, in Greek legend, son of Phlegyas, king of the
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Lapithae in
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Thessaly (or of
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Ares), and
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husband of Dia . According to custom he promised his
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father-in-law, Deioneus, a handsome bridal
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present, but treacherously murdered him when he claimed the fulfilment of the promise .

As a

punishment, Ixion was seized with madness, until
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Zeus purified him of his crime and admitted him as a guest to
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Olympus . Ixion abused his pardon by trying to seduce
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Hera; but the goddess substituted for herself a cloud, by which he became the father of the
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Centaurs . Zeus bound him on a fiery wheel, which rolls unceasingly through the air or (according to the later version) in the underworld (Pindar, Pythia, ii . 2s; Ovid, Metam. iv . 461; Virgil, Aeneid, vi . 6o1) . Ixion is generally taken to represent the eternally moving sun . Another explanation connects the story with the practice (among certain peoples of central Europe) of carrying a blazing, revolving wheel through fields which needed the heat of the sun, the legend being invented to explain the custom and subsequently adopted by the Greeks (see Mannhardt, Wald- and Feldkulte, ii . 1905, p . 83) . In view of the fact that the oak was the sun-
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god's tree and that the mistletoe grew upon it, it is suggested by A . B .

Cook (Class . Rev. xvii . 420) that 'IEimv is derived from iEos (mistletoe), the sun's fire being regarded as an emanation from the mistletoe . Ixion himself is probably a by-form of Zeus (Usener in Rhein .
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Mus. liii . 345) . " The Myth of Ixion " (by C . Smith, in Classical Review,
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June 1895) deals with the subject of a red-figure cantharus in the
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British Museum . I XTACCIHUATL, or IZTACCIHUATL (" white woman "), a lofty mountain of volcanic origin, ro m . N. of Popocatepetl and about 40 M . S.S.E of the city of Mexico, forming part of the short spur called the Sierra Nevada . According to Angelo Heilprin (1853-1907) its
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elevation is 16,96o ft.; other authorities make it much less .

Its apparent height is dwarfed somewhat by its elongated

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summit and the large
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area covered . It has three summits of different heights
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standing on a north and south
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line, the central one being the largest and highest and all three rising above the permanent snow-line . As seen from the city of Mexico the three summits have the appearance of a shrouded human figure, hence the poetic Aztec appellation of " white woman " and the unsentimental
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Spanish designation " La mujer gorda." The ascent is difficult and perilous, and is rarely accomplished . Heilprin says that the mountain is largely composed of trachytic rocks and that it is older than Popocatepetl . It has no
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crater and no trace of lingering volcanic heat . It is surmised that its crater, if it ever had one, has been filled in and its cone worn away by erosion through long periods of time .

End of Article: PRINCE TOMOMI IWAKURA (1835-1883)
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