JACAMAR  , a word formed by See also:

• BRISSON, EUGENE HENRI (1835– )
• BRISSON, MATHURIN JACQUES (1723-1806)

Brisson from Jacameri, the Brazilian name of a See also:

• BIRD

bird, as given by Marcgrave, and since adopted in most See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues for the See also:

• SPECIES

species to which it was first applied and others allied to it, forming the See also:

• FAMILY

family Galbulidae 1 of ornithologists, the precise position of which is uncertain, since the best authorities differ . All will agree that the jacamars belong to the See also:

• GREAT

great heterogeneous See also:

• GROUP

group called by See also:

• NITZSCH, GREGOR WILHELM (179x-1861)
• NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868)

Nitzsch Picariae, but further into detail it is hardly safe to go . The Galbulidae have zygodactylous or pair-toed feet, like the Cuculidae, Bucconidae and Picidae, they also resemble both the latter in laying glossy See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white eggs, but in this respect they hear the same resemblance to the Momotidae, Alcedinidae, Meropidae r Galbula was first applied to Marcgrave's bird by Moehring . It is another See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Galgulus, and seems to have been one of the rpany names of the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• ORIOLE (O. Fr. Oriol, Lat. aureolus)

oriole . See See also:

• ICTERUS

IcTERUS.and some other See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, to which See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity has been claimed for them . In the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of Sclater (A Monograph of the Jacamars and Puff-birds) the jacamars form two groups—one consisting of the single genus and species Jacamerops aureus (J. grandis of most authors), and the other including all the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, viz . Urogalba with two species, Galbula with nine, Brachygalba with five, and Jacamaralcyon and Galbalcyrhynchus with one each . They are all rather small birds, the largest known being little over 10 in. in length, with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and sharply pointed bills, and the plumage more or less resplendent with golden or See also:

• BRONZE

bronze reflections, but at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time comparatively soft . Jacamaralcyon tridactyla differs from all the rest in possessing but three toes (as its name indicates), on each See also:

• FOOT

foot, the hallux being deficient . With the exception of Galbula melanogenia, which is found also in Central See also:

• AMERICA

America and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, all the jacamars inhabit the tropical portions of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South America eastward of the See also:

• ANDES

Andes, Galbula ruficauda, however, extending its range to the islands of See also:

• TRINIDAD

Trinidad and'See also:

• TOBAGO

Tobago 2 Very little is known of the habits of any of the species . They are seen sitting motionless on trees, some-times solitarily, at other times in companies, whence they suddenly dart off at any passing See also:

• INSECT

insect, catch it on the wing, and return to their See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch . Of their See also:

• NIDIFICATION (from Lat. nidus)

nidification almost nothing has been recorded, but the species occurring in Tobago is said by See also:

• KIRK, SIR JOHN (1832- )

Kirk to make its See also:

• NEST

nest in See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, digging a hole about an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch and a See also:

• HALF

half in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and some 18 in. deep .

(A . N.) JAtcANA, the Brazilian name, according to Marcgrave, of certain birds, since found to have some See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies in other parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world, which are also very generally called by the same appellation . They have been most frequently classed with the See also:

• WATER

water-hens or rails (Rallidae), but are now recognized by many systematists as forming a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate family, Parridae,3 whose leaning seems to be rather towards the Limicolae, as apparently first See also:

• PHEASANT

Pheasant-tailed Jacanae suggested by See also:

• BLYTH

Blyth, a view which is supported by the osteological observations of See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker (Prot . Zool . Society, 1863, p . 513), though denied by A . Milne-See also:

• EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
• EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
• EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
• EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
• EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
• EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
• EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
• EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
• EDWARDS, T
• EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)

Edwards (Ois. See also:

• FOSS, EDWARD (1787-1870)

foss. de la See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, ii. p. rto) . The most obvious characteristic of this group of birds is the extraordinary length of their toes and claws, whereby they are enak,led to walk with ease over water-lilies and other aquatic See also:

• PLANTS

plants growing in See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and lakes . The family has been divided into four genera—of which Parra, as now restricted, inhabits South America; Metopidius, hardly differing from it, has representatives in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar and the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian region; Hydralector, also very nearly allied to Parra, belongs to the 2 The singular See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, recorded by See also:

• CANON

Canon Tristram (Zoologist, p . 3906), of a bird of this species in See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire seems to require See also:

• NOTICE

notice . No instance seems to be known of any jacamar having been kept in confinement or brought to this See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country alive; but See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert aviculturists are often not communicative, and many importations of rare birds have doubtless passed unrecorded . a The classic Parra is by some authors thought to have been the golden oriole (see IcTERUS), while others suppose it was a See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

jay or See also:

• PIE

pie .

The word seems to have been imported into See also:

• ORNITHOLOGY

ornithology by Aldrovandus, but the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason which prompted See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus to apply it, as he seems first to have done, to a bird of this group, cannot be satisfactorily stated . See also:

• NORTHERN

northern portion of the Australian region; and Hydrophasianus, the most extravagant form of the whole, is found in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon and See also:

• CHINA

China . In habits the jacanas have much in See also:

• COMMON

common with the water-hens, but that fact is insufficient to See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant the affinity asserted to exist between the two groups; for in their osteological structure there is much difference, and the resemblance seems to be only that of See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy . The Parridae See also:

• LAY

lay very See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar eggs of a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, in most cases closely marked with dark lines, thus presenting an appearance by which they may be readily known from those of any other birds, though an approach to it is occasionally to be noticed in those of certain Limicolae, and especially of certain Charadriidae . (A .