JACOBS CAVERN  , a cavern in latitude 36° 35' N., 2 M . E. of Pineville, McDonald county, Missouri, named after its discoverer, E . H . Jacobs, of Bentonville, Arkansas . It was scientifically explored by him, in company with Professors Charles Peabody and Warren K . Moorehead, in 1903 . The results were published in that year by Jacobs in the Benton County Sun; by C . N . Gould in Science, July 31, 1903; by Peabody in the Am . Anthropologist, Sept . 1903; and in the Am . Journ .

Archaeology, 1904; and by Peabody and Moorehead, 1904, as Bulletin I. of the Dept. of Archaeology in Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., in the museum of which are exhibits, maps and photographs . Jacobs Cavern is one of the smaller caves, hardly more than a rock-shelter, and is entirely in the " St Joe Limestone " of the sub-carboniferous age . Its roof is a single flat stratum of lime-stone; its walls are well marked by lines of stratification; drip-stone also partly covers the walls, fills a deep fissure at the end of the cave, and spreads over the floor, where it mingles with an ancient bed of ashes, forming an ash-breccia (mostly firm and solid) that encloses fragments of sandstone, flint spalls, flint implements, charcoal and bones . Underneath is the true floor of the cave, a mass of homogeneous yellow clay, one metre in thickness . It holds scattered fragments of limestone, and is itself the result of limestone degeneration . The length of the opening is over 21 metres; its depth 14 metres, and the height of roof above the undisturbed ash deposit varied from r m . 20 cm. to 2 M . 6o cm . The bone recess at the end was from 50 cm. to 8o cm. in height . The stratum of ashes was from 50 cm. to I M . 50 cm. thick . The ash surface was staked off into square metres, and the substance carefully removed in order .

Each stalactite, stalagmite and

pilaster was measured, numbered, and removed in sections . Six human skeletons were found buried in the ashes . Seven-tenths of a cubic metre of animal bones were found: deer, bear, wolf, raccoon, opossum, beaver, buffalo, elk, turkey, wood-chuck, tortoise and hog; all contemporary with man's occupancy . Three stone metates, one stone axe, one colt and fifteen hammer-stones were found . Jacobs Cavern was peculiarly rich in flint knives and projectile points . The sum total amounts to 419 objects, besides hundreds of fragments, cores, spalls and rejects, retained for study and comparison . Considerable numbers of bone or horn awls were found in the ashes, as well as fragments of pottery, but no " ceremonial " objects . The rude type of the implements, the absence of fine pottery, and the peculiarities of the human remains, indicate a race of occupants more ancient than the " mound-builders." The deepest implement observed was buried 50 cm. under the stalagmitic surface . Dr . Hovey has proved that the rate of stalagmitic growth in Wyandotte Cave, Indiana, is .0254 cm. annually; and if that was the rate in Jacobs Cavern, 1968 years would have been needed for the embedding of that implement . Polished rocks outside the cavern and pictographs in the vicinity indicate the work of a prehistoric race earlier than the Osage Indians, who were the historic owners previous to the advent of the white man . (H .

C .