See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

LUDWIG See also:

• FRIEDRICH LUDWIG JAHN (1778-1852)
• JAHN, JOHANN (1750—1816)
• JAHN, OTTO (1813—1869)

JAHN (1778-1852)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PEDAGOGUE

pedagogue and patriot, commonly called Turnvater (" See also:

• FATHER

Father of Gymnastics "), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in Lanz on the 11th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1778 . He studied See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology and See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology from 1796 to 1802 at See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen and Greifswald . After See also:

• JENA

Jena he joined the Prussian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . In 1809 he went to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, where he became a teacher at the Gymnasium zum Grauen as well as at the Plamann School . Brooding upon the humiliation of his native See also:

• LAND

land by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, he conceived the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of restoring the See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of his countrymen by the development of their See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and moral See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers through the practice of gymnastics . The first Turnplatz, or open-See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air gymnasium, was opened by him at Berlin in 1812, and the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement spread rapidly, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young gymnasts being taught to regard themselves as members of a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of gild for the emancipation of their fatherland . This patriotic spirit was nourished in no small degree by the writings of See also:

• JAHN, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1778-1852)
• JAHN, JOHANN (1750—1816)
• JAHN, OTTO (1813—1869)

Jahn . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1813 he took an active See also:

• PART

part at See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau in the formation of the famous See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of See also:

• LUTZOW, ADOLF, FREIHERR VON (1782-1834)

Lutzow, a See also:

• BATTALION

battalion of which he commanded, though during the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he was often employed in See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret service . After the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war he returned to Berlin, where he was appointed See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state teacher of gymnastics . As such he was a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in the formation of the student Burschenschaften (patriotic See also:

• FRATERNITIES, COLLEGE

fraternities) in Jena . A See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of democratic nature, rugged, honest, See also:

• ECCENTRIC (from Gr. F,c, out of, and Kivrpov, centre)

eccentric and outspoken, Jahn often came into collision with the reactionary spirit of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and this conflict resulted in 1819 in the closing of the Turnplatz and the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of Jahn himself . Kept in semi-confinement at the fortress of See also:

• KOLBERG (or COLBERG)

Kolberg until 1824, he was then sentenced to imprisonment for two years; but this See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was reversed in 1825, though he was forbidden to live within ten See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of Berlin .

He therefore took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

• FREYBURG

Freyburg on the Unstrut, where he remained until his See also:

• DEATH

death, with the exception of a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short period in 1828, when he was exiled to Colleda on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of See also:

• SEDITION (Lat. se or sed, apart, and ire, to go, a going apart, dissension)

sedition . In 184o he was decorated by the Prussian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government with the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron See also:

• CROSS

Cross for bravery in the See also:

• WARS

wars against Napoleon . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1848 he was elected by the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• NAUMBURG

Naumburg to the German See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament . Jahn died on the 15th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1852 in Freyburg, where a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument was erected in his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in 18J9 . Among his See also:

• WORKS

works are the following: Bereicherung See also:

• DES

des hochdeutschen Sprachschatzes (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig,18o6), Deutsches Volksthum (See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck, 181o), Runenblatter (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1814), Neue Runenblatter (Naumburg, 1828), Merke zum deutschen Volksthum (See also:

• HILDBURGHAUSEN

Hildburghausen, 1833), and Setbstvertheidigung (Vindication) (Leipzig, 1863) . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of his works appeared at See also:

• HOF

Hof in 1884-1887 . See the biographyy by Schultheiss (Berlin, 1894), and Jahn als Erzieher, by See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1895) .