See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob)  , the name of several persons mentioned in the New Testament . 1 . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES, the son of Zebedee . He was among the first who were called to be See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ's immediate followers (See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark i . 19 seq.; Matt. iv . 21 seq., and perhaps See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke v . 1o) , and afterwards obtained an honoured See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the apostolic See also:

• BAND

band, his name twice occupying the second place after See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's in the lists (Mark iii . 17; Acts i . 13), while on at least three notable occasions he was, along with Peter and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, specially chosen by Jesus to be with him (Mark v . 37; Matt. xvii. i, See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 37) . This same prominence may have contributed partly to the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " Boanerges " or " sons of See also:

• THUNDER

thunder " which, according to Mark iii .

17, Jesus himself gave to the two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers . But its most natural See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation is to be found in the impetuous disposition which would have called down See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven on the offending Samaritan villagers (Luke ix . 54), and afterwards found expression, though in a different way, in the ambitious See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request to occupy the places of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in Christ's See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom (Mark x . 35 seq.) . James is included among those who after the See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

ascension waited at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (Acts i . 13) for the descent of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost on the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of See also:

• PENTECOST

Pentecost . And though on this occasion only his name is mentioned, he must have been a zealous and prominent member of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian community, to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge from the fact that when a victim had to be chosen from among the apostles, who should be sacrificed to the animosity of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, it was on James that the See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell first . The brief See also:

• NOTICE

notice is given in Acts xii . 1, 2 . See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius (Hist . Eccl. ii . 9) has preserved for us from See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria the additional See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information that the accuser of the apostle " beholding his See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession and moved thereby, confessed that he too was a Christian .

So they were both led away to See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution together; and on the road the accuser asked James for forgiveness . Gazing on him for a little while, he said, ` See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace be with thee,' and kissed him . And then both were beheaded together." The later, and wholly untrustworthy, legends which tell of the apostle's See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and of the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of his See also:

• BODY

body to See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago de Compostela, are to be found in the Acta Sanctorum (See also:

• JULY

July 25), vi . 1—124; see also Mrs See also:

• JAMESON (or JAMESONE), GEORGE (c. 1587–1644)
• JAMESON, ANNA BROWNELL (1794-1860)
• JAMESON, LEANDER STARR (1853– )
• JAMESON, ROBERT (1774-1854)

Jameson's Sacred and Legendary See also:

• ART

Art, i . 230-241 . 2 . JAMES, the son of Alphaeus . He also was one of the apostles, and is mentioned in all the four lists (Matt. x . 3; Mark iii . 18; Luke vi . 15; Acts i . 13) by this name .

We know nothing further regarding him, unless we believe him to be the same as James " the little." 3 . JAMES, the little . He is described as the son of a See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary (Matt. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 56; Mark xv . 40), who was in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability the wife of Clopas (John xix . 25) . And on the ground that Clopas is another See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the name Alphaeus, this James has been ,thought by some to be the same as 2 . But the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac versions, which render Alphaeus by Chalphai, while Clopas is simply transliterated Kleopha, makes it extremely improbable that the two names are to be identified . And as we have no better ground for finding in Clopas the Cleopas of Luke See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 18, we must be content to admit that James the little is again an almost wholly unknown See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality, and has no connexion with any of the other Jameses mentioned in the New Testament . 4 . JAMES, the See also:

• FATHER

father of Judas .

There can be no doubt that in the mention of " Judas of James " in Luke vi . 16 the ellipsis should be supplied by " the son " and not as in the A.V. by " the brother " (cf . Luke iii . 1, vi . 14; Acts xii . 2, where the word 1s&X06s is inserted) . This Judas, known as Thaddaeus by See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew and Mark, afterwards became one of the apostles, and is expressly distinguished by St John from the traitor as " not Iscariot " (John xiv . 22) . 5 . JAMES, the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's brother . In Matt. xiii . 55 and Mark Vi .

3 we read of a certain James as, along with Joses and Judas and See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon, a " brother " of the Lord . The exact nature of the relationship there implied has been the subject of much discussion . See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome's view (de vir. See also:

• ILL

ill . 2), that the " brothers " were in reality See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins, " sons of Mary the See also:

• SISTER

sister of the Lord's See also:

• MOTHER

mother," rests on too many unproved assumptions to be entitled to much See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, and may be said to have been finally disposed of by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• LIGHTFOOT, JOHN (1602-1675)
• LIGHTFOOT, JOSEPH BARBER (1828-1889)

Lightfoot in his See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on " The Brothers of the Lord " (See also:

• GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Galatians, pp . 252 sqq., See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

Dissertations on the Apostolic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, pp. r sqq.) . Even however if we understand the word " brethren " in its natural sense, it may be applied either to the sons of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph by a former wife, in which See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case they would be the step-brothers of Jesus, or to sons See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born to Joseph and Mary after the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of Jesus . The former of these views, generally known as the Epiphanian view from its most zealous See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, can claim for its support the preponderating See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice of tradition (see the catena of references given by Lightfoot, loc. cit., who himself inclines to this view) . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the Helvidian theory as propounded by Helvidius, and apparently accepted by See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian (cf. adv . Marc. iv . 29), which makes James a brother of the Lord, as truly as Mary was his mother, undoubtedly seems more in keeping with the See also:

• DIRECT

direct statements of the Gospels, and also with the after See also:

• HISTORY

history of the brothers in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church (see W . See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick, James the Brother of the Lord, 1906, p . 5) .

In any case, whatever the exact nature of James's antecedents, there can be no question as to the important place which he occupied in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Church . Converted to a full belief in the living Lord, perhaps through the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation that was granted to him (r See also:

• COR

Cor. xv . 7), he became the recognized See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Church at Jerusalem (Acts xii . 17, xv . 13, xxi . 18), and is called by St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul (Gal. ii . 9), along with Peter and John, a "See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar" of the Christian community . He was traditionally the author of the See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle in the New Testament which bears his name (see JAMES, EPISTLE OF) . From the New Testament we learn no more of the history of James the Lord's brother, but Eusebius (Hist . Eccl. ii . 23) has preserved for us from See also:

• HEGESIPPUS
• HEGESIPPUS (fl. A.D. 150-180)

Hegesippus the earliest ecclesiastical traditions concerning him . By that authority he is described as having been a See also:

• NAZARITE

Nazarite, and on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his eminent righteousness called " Just " and " Oblias." So See also:

• GREAT

great was his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence with the See also:

• PEOPLE

people that he was appealed to by the See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes and See also:

• PHARISEES

Pharisees for a true and (as they hoped) unfavourable See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment about the Messiahship of Christ .

Placed, to give the greater publicity to his words, on a See also:

• PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)

pinnacle of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, he, when solemnly appealed to, made confession of his faith, and was at once thrown down and murdered . This happened immediately before the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus (Antiq. xx . 9, 1) tells that it was by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Ananus the high See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• FESTUS (? RuFUS or RUFIUS)
• FESTUS, SEXTUS POMPEIUS

Festus and the arrival of his successor See also:

• ALBINUS (originally WEISS), BERNHARD SIEGFRIED (1697—1770)

Albinus, that James was put to death; and his narrative gives the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of some sort of judicial examination, for he says that along with some others James was brought before an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, by whom they were condemned and deliyered to be stoned . Josephus is also cited by Eusebius (Hist . Eccl. ii . 23) to the effect that the miseries of the siege were due to divine vengeance for the See also:

• MURDER

murder of James . Later writers describe James as an, hriaimros (Clem . Al. apud Eus . Hist . Ecc. ii . I) and even as an E7r Lo Ko ro E7rLQK07rwV (Clem .

Hem., ad init.) . According to Eusebius (Hist . Feel. vii . 19) his episcopal See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair was still shown at Jerusalem at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when Eusebius wrote .