See also:

• JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

JANISSARIES (corrupted from See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)  , an organized military force constituting until 1826 the See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . At the outset of her See also:

• HISTORY

history See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey possessed no standing army . All Moslems capable of bearing arms served as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of volunteer See also:

• YEOMANRY

yeomanry known as akinjis; they were summoned by public criers, or, if the occasion required it, by See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret messengers . It was under Orkhan that a See also:

• REGULAR

regular paid army was first organized: the soldiers were known as yaya or piyade . The result was unsatisfactory, as the Turcomans, from whom these troops were recruited, were unaccustomed to fight on See also:

• FOOT

foot or to submit to military discipline . Accordingly in 1330, on the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of Chendereli Kara Khalil, the See also:

• SYSTEM

system known as devshurme or forced See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy, was adopted, whereby a certain number of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian youths (at first l000) were every See also:

• YEAR

year taken from their parents and, after undergoing a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship, were enrolled as yeni cheri or new troops . The See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint Haji Bektash, founder of the Bektashi dervishes, blessed the See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps and promised them victory; he remained ever after the See also:

• PATRON

patron saint of the See also:

• JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

janissaries . At first the corps was exclusively recruited by the forced levy of Christian See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, for which purpose the officer known as tournaji-bashi, or See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-keeper of the See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes, made periodical See also:

• TOURS

tours in the provinces . The fixed organization of the corps See also:

• DATES

dates only from Mahommed II., and its regulations were subsequently modified by See also:

• SULEIMAN

Suleiman I . In See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days all Christians were enrolled indiscriminately; later those from See also:

• ALBANIA

Albania, Bosnia and See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria were preferred . The recruits while serving their apprenticeship were instructed in the principles of the faith by khojas, but according to D'Ohsson (vii . 327) they were not obliged to become Moslems .

The entire corps, commanded by the See also:

• AGA, or AGHA

aga of the janissaries, was known as the ojak (See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth) ; it was divided into ortas or See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units of varying See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers; the oda (See also:

• ROOM

room) was the name given to the See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks in which the janissaries were lodged . There were, after the reorganization of Suleiman I., 166 ortas of three classes, viz. the jemaat, comprising for ortas,-the beuluk, 61 ortas, and the sekban, or seimen, 34 ortas; to these must be added 34 ortas of ajami or apprentices . The strength of the See also:

• ORTA, LAKE OF

orta varied greatly, sometimes being as See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low as roo, sometimes rising considerably beyond its nominal See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war strength of 500 . The distinction between the different classes seems to have been principally in name; in theory the jemaat, or yaya See also:

• BOILER

boiler, were specially charged with the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of frontier-See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards; the beuluks had the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of serving as the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan's guards and of keeping the sacred banner in their custody . Until the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• MURAD, or AMURATH

Murad III . (1574) the See also:

• TOTAL

total effective of the janissaries, including the ajami or apprentices, did not exceed 20,000 . In 1582 irregularities in the mode of See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the ranks began . Soon parents themselves begged to have their children enrolled, so See also:

• GREAT

great were the privileges attaching to the corps; later the privilege of enlistment was restricted to the children or relatives of former janissaries; eventually the regulations were much relaxed, and any See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person was admitted, only negroes being excluded . In 1591 the ojak numbered 48,688 men . Under See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim (1640-1648) it was reduced by Kara Mustafa to 17,000; but it soon See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose again, and at theaccession of Mahommed IV . (1648), the accession-bakshish was distributed to 50,000 janissaries . During the war of 1683-1698 the rules for admission were suspended, 30,000 recruits being received at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and the effective of the corps rising to 70,000; about 18os it numbered more than 112,000; it went on increasing until the destruction of the janissaries, when it reached 135,000 .

It would perhaps be more correct to say that these are the numbers figuring on the pay-sheets, and that they doubtless largely exceed the total of the men actually serving in the ranks . Promotion to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant officer was obtained by See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long or distinguished service; it was by seniority up to the rank of odabashi, but odabashis were promoted to the rank of chorbaji (See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of an orta) solely by selection . Janissaries advanced in their own orta, which they See also:

• LEFT

left only to assume the command of another . Ortas remained permanently stationed in the fortress towns in which they were in See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, being displaced in time of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace only when some violent animosity See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out between two companies . There were usually 12 in garrison at See also:

• BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

Belgrade, 14 at See also:

• KHOTIN, or KHOTEEN (variously written Khochim, Choczim, and Chocim)

Khotin, 16 at Widdin, 20 at See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, &c . The commander was frequently changed . A new chorbaji was usually appointed to the command of an orta stationed at a frontier See also:

• POST

post; he was then transferred elsewhere, so that in course of time he passed through different provinces . In time of peace the janissary received no pay . At first his war pay was limited to one aspre per diem, but it was eventually raised to a minimum of three aspres, while veterans received as much as 29 aspres, and retired See also:

• OFFICERS

officers from 30 to 120 . The aga received 24,000 piastres per annum; the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary pay of a commander was 120 aspres per diem . The aga and several of his subordinates received a percentage of the pay and See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance of the troops; they also inherited the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of deceased janissaries . Moreover, the officers profited largely by retaining the names of dead or fictitious janissaries on the pay-rolls .

Rations of mutton, See also:

• BREAD

bread and candles were furnished by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and vegetables being at the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the commandant . The rations would have been entirely inadequate if the janissaries had not been allowed, contrary to the regulations, to pursue different callings, such as those of See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1644/5)
• BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893)
• BAKER, THOMAS (1656-1740)
• BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA] (1827-1887)

baker, See also:

• BUTCHER

butcher, glazier, boatman, &c . At first the janissaries See also:

• BORE

bore no other distinctive See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt cap . Soon the red cap with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery was substituted . Later a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform was introduced, of which the distinctive mark was less the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour than the cut of the coat and the shape of the head-See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and See also:

• TURBAN

turban . The only distinction in the See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume of commanding officers was in the colour of their boots, those of the beuluks being red while the others were yellow; subordinate officers wore See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black boots . The fundamental See also:

• LAWS

laws of the janissaries, which were very early infringed, were as follows: implicit obedience to their officers; perfect See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord and See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union among themselves; See also:

• ABSTINENCE (from Lat. abstinere, to abstain)

abstinence from luxury, extravagance and practices unseemly for a soldier and a brave See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man; observance of the rules of Haji Bektash and of the religious See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law; exclusion from the ranks of all save those properly levied; See also:

• SPECIAL

special rules for the infliction of the See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty; promotion to be by seniority; janissaries to be admonished or punished by their own officers only; the infirm and unfit to be pensioned; janissaries were not to let their beards grow, not to marry, nor to leave their barracks, nor to engage in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade; but were to spend their time in See also:

• DRILL

drill and in practising the arts of war . In time of peace the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state supplied no arms, and the janissaries on service in the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital were armed only with clubs; they were forbidden to carry any See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm save a See also:

• CUTLASS

cutlass, the only exception being at the frontier-posts . In time of war the janissaries provided their own arms, and these might be any which took their See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy . However, they were induced by rivalry to procure the best obtainable and to keep them in perfect See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . The banner of the janissaries was of white See also:

• SILK

silk on which verses from the See also:

• KORAN

Koran were embroidered in gold . This banner was planted beside the aga's See also:

• TENT

tent in See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, with four other flags in red cases, and his three See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-tails .

Each orta had its See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag, See also:

• HALF

half-red and half-yellow, placed before the tent of its commander . Each orta had two or three great caldrons used for boiling the soup and pilaw; these were under the guard of subordinate officers . A particular superstition attached to them: if they were lost in See also:

• BATTLE

battle all the officers were disgraced, and the orta was no longer allowed to See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade with its caldrons in public ceremonies . The janissaries were stationed in most of the guard-houses of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople and other large towns . No sentries were on duty, but rounds were sent out two or three times a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . It was customary for the sultan or the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• VIZIER

vizier to bestow largess on an orta which they might visit . The janissaries conducted themselves with extreme violence and brutality towards civilians . They extorted See also:

• MONEY

money from them on every possible pretext: thus, it was their duty to sweep the streets in the immediate vicinity of their barracks, but they forced the civilians, especially if rayas, to perform this task or to pay a bribe . They were themselves subject to severe See also:

• CORPORAL

corporal punishments; if these were to take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place publicly the ojak was first asked for its consent . At first a source of strength to Turkey as being the only well-organized and disciplined force in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, the janissaries soon became its bane, thanks to their lawlessness and exactions . One frequent means of exhibiting their discontent was to set See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire to Constantinople; 140 such fires are said to have been caused during the 28 years of Ahmed III.'s reign . The janissaries were at all times distinguished for their want of respect towards the sultans; their outbreaks were never due to a real See also:

• DESIRE

desire for reforms of abuses or of misgovernment, but were solely caused to obtain the downfall of some See also:

• OBNOXIOUS (Lat. obnoxiosus, from ob, over, against, and noxa, harm)

obnoxious See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister .

The first recorded revolt of the janissaries is in 1443, on the occasion of the second accession of Mahommed II., when they broke into See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion at See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

Adrianople . A similar revolt happened at his death, when See also:

• BAYAZID, or BAJAZET

Bayazid II. was forced to yield to their demands and thus the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of the accession-bakshish was established; at the end of his reign it was the janissaries who forced Bayazid to summon See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• SELIM

Selim and to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand over the reins of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to him . During the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of Selim I. they mutinied more than once . Under See also:

• OSMAN (1832-1900)
• OSMAN (`UsMAN)

Osman II. their disorders reached their greatest height and led to the dethronement and See also:

• MURDER

murder of the sultan . It would be tedious to recall all their acts of insubordination . Throughout See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish history they were made use of as See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments by unscrupulous and ambitious statesmen, and in the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century they had become a praetorian guard in the worst sense of the word . Sultan Selim III. in despair endeavoured to organize a properly drilled and disciplined force, under the name of See also:

• NIZAM

nizam-i-jedid, to take their place; for some time the janissaries regarded this See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt in sullen silence; a curious detail is that See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador See also:

• SEBASTIANI, HORACE FRANCOIS BASTIEN, COUNT (1772–1851)

Sebastiani strongly dissuaded the sultan from taking this step . Again serving as tools, the janissaries dethroned Selim III. and obtained the abolition of the nizam-i-jedid . But after the successful revolution of Bairakdar See also:

• PASHA

Pasha of Widdin the new troops were re-established and drilled: the resentment of the janissaries rose to such a height that they attacked the grand vizier's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, and after destroying it marched against the sultan's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . They were repulsed by See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon, losing 600 men in the affair (1806) . But such was the excitement and alarm caused at Constantinople that the nizam-i-jedid, or sekbans as they were now called, had to be suppressed . During the next 20 years the misdeeds and turbulence of the janissaries knew no See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds .

Sultan Mahmud II., powerfully impressed by their violence and lawlessness at his accession, and with the example of Mehemet See also:

• ALI

Ali's method of suppressing the Mamlukes before his eyes, determined to rid the state of this See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

scourge; long biding his time, in 1825 he decided to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a corps of regular drilled troops known as eshkenjis . A fetva was obtained from the See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

Sheikh-ul-See also:

• ISLAM

Islam to the effect that it was the duty of Moslems to acquire military See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . The imperial See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree announcing the formation of the new troops was promulgated at a grand See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and the high dignitaries See also:

• PRESENT

present (including certain of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal officers of the janissaries who concurred) undertook to comply with its provisions . But the janissaries rose in revolt, and on the loth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1826, beganto collect on the Et Meidan square at Constantinople; at See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• NIGHT

night they attacked the house of the aga of janissaries, and, finding he had made See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good his See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape, proceeded to overturn the caldrons of as many ortas as they could find, thus forcing the troops of those ortas to join the insurrection . Then they pillaged and robbed throughout the See also:

• TOWN

town . Meanwhile the government was See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting its forces; the See also:

• ULEMA (Arab. 'ulama, sing. 'alim, literally " knowers," in the sense of sciences)

ulema, consulted by the sultan, gave the following fetva: " If unjust and violent men attack their brethren, fight against the aggressors and send them before their natural See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge ! " On this the sacred See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet was unfurled, and war was formally declared against these disturbers of order . Cannon were brought against the Et Meidan, which was surrounded by troops . Ibrahim Aga, known as Kara Jehennum, the commander of the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, made a last See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the janissaries to surrender; they refused, and fire was opened upon them . Such as escaped were shot down as they fled; the barracks where many found See also:

• REFUGE

refuge were burnt; those who were taken prisoner were brought before the grand vizier and hanged . Before many days were over the corps had ceased to exist, and the janissaries, the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of Turkey's early days and the scourge of the country for the last two centuries, had passed for ever from the See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page of her history . .See M. d'Ohsson, Tableaux de l'empire ottoman (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1787–182o) ; Ahmed Vefyk, Lehje-i-osmanie (Constantinople, 129o–1874) ; A .

Djevad See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey, Eta' militaire ottoman (Constantinople, 1885) .