JASPER  , an opaque compact variety of See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz, variously coloured and often containing argillaceous See also:

• MATTER

matter . The See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours are usually red, See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, yellow or See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, and are due to admixture with compounds of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, either oxides or silicates . Although the See also:

• TERM

term jasper is now restricted to opaque quartz it is certain that the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient jaspis or iavais was a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone of considerable translucency . The jasper of antiquity was in many cases distinctly green, for it is often compared with the See also:

• EMERALD

emerald and other green See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . Jasper is referred to in the Niebelungenlied as being clear and green . Probably the jasper of the ancients included stones which would now be classed as See also:

• CHALCEDONY, or CALCEDONY (sometimes called by old writers cassidoine)

chalcedony, and the emerald-like jasper may have been akin to our See also:

• CHRYSOPRASE (Gr. Xpvvor, gold, and apaorov, leek)

chrysoprase . The See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew word yashefeh may have designated a green jasper (cf . See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian yashpu) . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• FLINDERS, MATTHEW (1774-1814)

Flinders See also:

• PETRIE, GEORGE (179o-1866)
• PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS (1853– )

Petrie has suggested that the odem, the first stone on the High See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

Priest's breastplate, translated " See also:

• SARD

sard," was a red jasper, whilst tarshish, the tenth stone, may have been a yellow jasper (See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings's Dict . See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, 1902) . Many varieties of jasper are recognized . Riband jasper is a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which the colours are disposed in bands, as in the well-known ornamental stone from See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, which shows a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• ALTERNATION (from Lat. alternare, to do by turns)

alternation of dark red and green stripes .

See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian jasper is a brown jasper, occurring as nodules in the Lybian See also:

• DESERT

desert and in the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile valley, and characterized by a zonal arrangement of See also:

• LIGHT

light and dark shades of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . See also:

• AGATE

Agate-jasper is a variety intermediate between true jasper and chalcedony . Basanite, lydite, or Lydian stone, is a See also:

• VELVET

velvet-See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black flinty jasper, used as a touchstone for testing the purity of See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals by their streak . See also:

• PORCELAIN

Porcelain jasper is a See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay indurated by natural calcination . (F . W .