See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

LEON See also:

• JEAN LEON JAURES (1859- )

JAURES (1859- )  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Socialist See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CASTRES

Castres (See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

Tarn) on the 3rd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1859 . He was educated at the lycee See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis-le-See also:

• GRAND

Grand and the ecole normale superieure, and took his degree as See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate in See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in 1881 . After teaching philosophy for two years at the lycee of See also:

• ALBI

Albi (Tarn), he lectured at the university of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse . He was elected republican See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Tarn in 1885 . In 1889, after unsuccessfully contesting Castres, he returned to his professional duties at Toulouse, where he took an active See also:

• INTEREST

interest in municipal affairs, and helped to found the medical See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of the university . He also prepared two theses for his doctorate in philosophy, De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis apud Lutherum, See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant, See also:

• FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN (originally HARTMANN) VON (1797-1879)
• FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB (1762-1814)

Fichte et See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel (1891), and De la realite du monde sensible . In 1902 he gave energetic support to the miners of Carmaux who went out on strike in consequence of the dismissal of a socialist workman, Calvignac; and in the next See also:

• YEAR

year he was re-elected to the chamber as deputy for Albi . Although he was defeated at the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election§ of 1898 and was for four years outside the chamber, his eloquent speeches made him a force in politics as an intellectual See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of See also:

• SOCIALISM

socialism . He edited the Petite Republique, and was one of the most energetic defenders of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred See also:

• DREYFUS, ALFRED (1859– )

Dreyfus . He approved of the inclusion of M . See also:

• MILLERAND, ALEXANDRE (1859– )

Millerand, the socialist, in the Waldeck-See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, though this led, to a split with the more revolutionary See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section led by M . See also:

• GUESDE, JULES BASILE (1845– )

Guesde .

In 1902 he was again returned as deputy for Albi, and during the See also:

• COMBES, [JUSTIN LOUIS] SMILE (1835– )

Combes See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence secured the coherence of the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical-socialist See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition known as the bloc . In 1904 he founded the socialist See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, L'Humanite . The French socialist See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups held a See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress at See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1905, which resulted in a new consolidation; the new party, headed by MM . See also:

• JAURES, JEAN LEON (1859- )

Jaures and Guesde, ceased to co-operate with the radicals and radical-socialists, and became known as the unified socialists, pledged to advance a collectivist See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme . At the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general elections of 1906 M . Jaures was again elected for the Tarn . His ability and vigour were now generally recognized; but the strength of the socialist party, and the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical activity of its leader, still had to reckon with the equally practical and vigorous liberalism of M . See also:

• CLEMENCEAU, GEORGES (1841– )

Clemenceau . The latter was able to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to his countrymen (in a notable speech in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of r906) to rally to a radical programme which had no socialist See also:

• UTOPIA

Utopia in view; and the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in him of a strong and practical radical leader had the result of considerably diminishing the effect of the socialist propaganda . M . Jaures, in addition to his daily journalistic activity, published See also:

• LES

Les preuves; aJaire Dreyfus (1900); See also:

• ACTION

Action socialiste (1899); Etudes socialistes (1902), and, with other collaborators, Histoire socialiste (1901), &c .