See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

THOMAS See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743-1826)

JEFFERSON (1743-1826)  , third See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, and the most conspicuous apostle of See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy in America, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 13th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1743, at See also:

• SHADWELL, THOMAS (c. 1642-1692)

Shadwell, See also:

• ALBEMARLE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Albemarle See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson (1707-1757), of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Virginian See also:

• YEOMAN

yeoman stock, was a See also:

• CIVIL

civil engineer and a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of remarkable See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, who became a See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, a county surveyor and a See also:

• BURGESS (Med. Lat. burgensis, from burgus, a borough, a town)
• BURGESS, DANIEL (1645-1713)
• BURGESS, THOMAS (1756–1837)

burgess, served the See also:

• CROWN

Crown in inter-colonial boundary surveys, and married into one of the most prominent colonial families, the Randolphs . Albemarle county was then in the frontier See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness of the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

Ridge, and was very different, socially, from the See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland counties where a few broad-acred families dominated an open-handed, somewhat luxurious and assertive See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy . Unlike his See also:

• RANDOLPH, EDMUND [JENNINGS] (1753–1813)
• RANDOLPH, JOHN (1773–1833)
• RANDOLPH, PEYTON (1721-1775)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1523-1590)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635)

Randolph connexions, Peter Jefferson was a whig and a thorough democrat; from him, and probably, too, from the Albemarle environment, his son came naturally by democratic inclinations . Jefferson carried with him from the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William and See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary at See also:

• WILLIAMSBURG

Williamsburg, in his twentieth See also:

• YEAR

year, a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good knowledge of Latin, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French (to which he soon added See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and Anglo-Saxon), and a familiarity with the higher See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and natural sciences only possessed, at his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, by men who have a rare natural See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and ability for those studies . He remained an ardent student throughout See also:

• LIFE

life, able to give and take in association with the many scholars, See also:

• AMERICAN

American and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign, whom he numbered among his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and correspondents . With a liberal Scotsman, Dr William Small, then of the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of William and Mary and later a friend of See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin, and See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Wythe (1726-1806), a very accomplished See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the Virginia See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, Jefferson was an habitual member, while still in college, of a partie carree at the table of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Fauquier (c..i720—1768), the accomplished See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Virginia . Jefferson was an See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert violinist, a good See also:

• SINGER, SIMEON (1846-1906)

singer and dancer, proficient in outdoor See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports, and an excellent horseman . Thorough-bred horses always remained to him a necessary luxury . When it is added that Fauquier was a passionate gambler, and that the gentry who gathered every See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter at Williamsburg, the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, were ruinously addicted to the same weakness, and that Jefferson had a taste for racing, it does See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit to his early strength of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character that of his social opportunities he took only the better . He never used See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, never played See also:

• CARDS, PLAYING

cards, never gambled, and was never party to a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel . Soon after leaving college he entered Wythe's See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, and in 1767, after five years of See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close study, was admitted to the bar .

His thorough preparation enabled him to compete from the first with the leading lawyers of the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, and his success shows that the bar had no rewards that were not fairly within his reach . As an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate, however, he did not shine; a weakness of See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice made continued speaking impossible, and he had neither the ability nor the temperament for See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory . To his legal scholarship and See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting zeal Virginia owed the preservation of a large See also:

• PART

part of her early statutes . He seems to have lacked See also:

• INTEREST

interest in litigiousness, which was extraordinarily See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in colonial Virginia; and he saw and wished to reform the law's abuses . It is probable that he turned, therefore, the more willingly to politics; at any See also:

• RATE

rate, soon after entering public life he abandoned practice (1774) . The See also:

• DEATH

death of his father had See also:

• LEFT

left him an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of 1900 acres, the income from which (about £400) gave him the position of an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman; and while engaged in the law he had added to his farms after the ambitious Virginia See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, until, when he married in his thirtieth year, there were 5000 acres all paid for; and almost as much See also:

• MOREL

morel came to him in 1773 on the death of his father-in-law . On the 1st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1772, Jefferson married Martha Wayles See also:

• SKELTON, JOHN (c. 1460-1529)

Skelton (1749-1782), a childless widow of twenty-three, very handsome, accomplished, and very fond of See also:

• MUSIC

music . Their married life was exceedingly happy, and Jefferson never remarried after her early death . Of six See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children born from their See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union, two daughters alone survived See also:

• INFANCY

infancy . Jefferson was emotional and very affectionate in his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and his generous and devoted relations with his children and See also:

• GRAND

grand-children are among the finest features of his character . Jefferson began his public service as a justice of the peace and See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish vestryman; he was chosen a member of the Virginia See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of burgesses in 1769 and of every succeeding See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly and See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention of the colony until he entered the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress in 1775 . His forceful, facile See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen gave him See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence from the first; but though a foremost member of several great deliberative bodies, he can fairly be said never to have made a speech .

He hated the " morbid rage of debate " because he believed that men were never convinced by See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, but only by reflection, through See also:

• READING

reading or unprovocative conversation; and this belief guided him through life . Moreover it is very improbable that he could ever have shone as a public See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker, and to this fact unfriendly critics have attributed, at least in part, his abstention from debate . The house of burgesses of 1769, and its successors in 1773 and 1774, were dissolved by the governor (see VIRGINIA) for their See also:

• ACTION

action on the subject of colonial grievances and inter-colonial co-operation . Jefferson was prominent in all; was a signer of the Virginia agreement of non-importation and See also:

• ECONOMY

economy (1769); and was elected in 1774 to the first Virginia convention, called to consider the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the colony and advance inter-colonial union . Prevented by illness from attending, Jefferson sent to the convention elaborate resolutions, which he proposed as instructions to the Virginia delegates to the Continental Congress that was to meet at See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . In the See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of reproach and See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, with no disingenuous loading of the Crown's policy upon its agents, these resolutions attacked the errors of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and maintained that " the relation between Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and these colonies was exactly the same as that of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James and until the Union; and that our See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration to this country gave England no more rights over us than the emigration of the Danes and See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons gave to the See also:

• PRESENT

present authorities of their See also:

• MOTHER

mother country over England." This was cutting at the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance, emigration and colonization; but such radicalism was too thorough-going for the immediate end . The resolutions were published, however, as a pamphlet, entitled A See also:

• SUMMARY

Summary View of the Rights of America, which was widely circulated . In England, after receiving such modifications—attributed to See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke—as adapted it to the purposes of the opposition, this pamphlet ran through many See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, and procured for its author, as he said, " the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of having his name inserted in a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of proscriptions enrolled in a See also:

• BILL

bill of See also:

• ATTAINDER (from the O. Fr. ataindre, ateindre, to attain, i.e. to strike, accuse, condemn; Lat. attingere, tangere, to touch; the meaning has been greatly affected by the confusion with Fr. taindre, teindre, to taint, stain, Lat. tingere, to dye)

attainder commenced in one of the two houses of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, but suppressed in embryo by the hasty course of events." It placed Jefferson among the foremost leaders of revolution, and procured for him the honour of drafting, later, the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

Declaration of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, whose See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical portions were, in large part, only a revised transcript of the Summary View . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1775 he took his seat in the ' It was embarrassed with a See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, however, of £3749, which, owing to conditions caused by the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of Independence, he really paid three times to his See also:

• BRITISH

British creditors (not counting destruction on his estates, of equal amount, ordered by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CORNWALLIS, CHARLES CORNWALLIS
• CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-1819)

Cornwallis) . This greatly reduced his income for a number of years . Continental Congress, taking with him fresh See also:

• CREDENTIALS (lettres de creance)

credentials of radicalism in the shape of Virginia's See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, which he had drafted, to Lord See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North's conciliatory propositions . Jefferson soon drafted the reply of Congress to the same propositions .

Reappointed to the next Congress, he signalized his service by the authorship of the Declaration of Independence (q.v.) . Again reappointed, he surrendered his seat, and after refusing a proffered See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to serve as a See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner with See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin and See also:

• SILAS (fl. A.D. 50)

Silas See also:

• DEANE, RICHARD (1610-1653)
• DEANE, SILAS (1737-1789)

Deane in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, he entered again, in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1776, the Virginia legislature, where he considered his services most needed . The See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• WORK

work to which Jefferson attributed such importance was a revision of Virginia's See also:

• LAWS

laws . Of the See also:

• MEASURES

measures proposed to this end he says: " I considered four, passed or reported, as forming a See also:

• SYSTEM

system by which every trace would be eradicated of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient or future aristocracy, and a See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation laid for a government truly republican "—the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the laws of See also:

• ENTAIL (from Fr. tailler, to cut; the old derivation from tales haeredes is now abandoned)

entail; the abolition of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture and the unequal See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of inheritances (Jefferson was himself an eldest son); the See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of freedom of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience and See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people from supporting, by See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, an established See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church; and a system of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• EDUCATION

education . The first See also:

• OBJECT

object was embodied in law in 1776, the second in 1785, the third' in 1786 (supplemented 1799, 18o1) . The last two were parts of a See also:

• BODY

body of codified laws prepared (1776-1779) by See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• PENDLETON, EDMUND (1721—1803)
• PENDLETON, GEORGE HUNT (1825—1889)

Pendleton,' George Wythe, and Jefferson, and principally by Jefferson . Not so fortunate were Jefferson's ambitious schemes of education . See also:

• DISTRICT

District, See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar and classical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, a See also:

• FREE

free state library and a state college, were all included in his See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan . He was the first American statesman to make education by the state a fundamental See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of democratic faith . His bill for elementary education he regarded as the most important part of the See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code, but Virginia had no strong See also:

• MIDDLE

middle class, and the planters would not assume the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of educating the poor . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Jefferson championed the natural.right of See also:

• EXPATRIATION (from Late Lat. expairiare, to exile, and patria, native land)

expatriation, and See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual emancipation of the slaves . His earliest legislative effort, in the five-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day session of 1769, had been marked by an effort to secure to masters freedom to manumit their slaves without removing them from the state .

It was unsuccessful, and the more See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical measure he now favoured was even more impossible of attainment; but a bill he introduced to prohibit the importation of slaves was passed in 1778—the only important See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change effected in the slave system of the state during the War of Independence . Finally he endeavoured, though unsuccessfully, to secure the introduction of juries into the courts of See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery, and—a See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation and more before the fruition of the labours of See also:

• ROMILLY, JOHN ROMILLY, 1ST BARON (1802-1874)
• ROMILLY, SIR SAMUEL (1757-1818)

Romilly and his co-workers in England—aided in securing a humanitarian revision of the penal code,' which, though lost by one See also:

• VOTE

vote in 1785, was sustained by public sentiment, and was adopted in 1796 . Jefferson is of course not entitled to the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole credit for all these services: Wythe, George See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason and James See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison, in particular, were his devoted lieutenants, and—after his departure for France—the principals in the struggle; moreover, an approving public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion must receive large credit . But Jefferson was throughout the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief inspirer and foremost worker . In 1779, at almost the gloomiest See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the war in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern states, Jefferson succeeded See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry as the governor of Virginia, being the second to hold that office after the organization of the state government . In his second See also:

• TERM

term (178o-1781) the state was overrun by British expeditions, and Jefferson, a civilian, was blamed for the ineffectual resistance . Though he cannot be said to have been eminently fitted for the task that devolved upon him in such a crisis, most of the See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of his The first law of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in Christendom, although not the earliest practice of such See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty in America . 3 George Mason and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas L . See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee were members of the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, but they were not lawyers, and did little actual work on the revision . 'See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

Capital See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment was confined to See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason and See also:

• MURDER

murder; the former was not to be attended by corruption of See also:

• BLOOD

blood, See also:

• DRAWING

drawing, or quartering; all other felonies were made punishable by confinement and hard labour, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save a few to which was applied, against Jefferson's See also:

• DESIRE

desire, the principle of See also:

• RETALIATION

retaliation . See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was undoubtedly grossly unjust . His conduct being attacked, he declined renomination for the governorship, but was unanimously returned by Albemarle as a delegate to the state legislature; and on the day previously set for legislative inquiry on a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution offered by an impulsive critic, he received, by unanimous vote of the house, a declaration of thanks and confidence .

He wished however to retire permanently from public life, a wish strengthened by the illness and death of his wife . At this time he composed his Notes on Virginia, a semi-statistical work full of humanitarian liberalism . Congress twice offered him an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as one of the plenipotentiaries to negotiate peace with England, but, though he accepted the second offer, the business was so far advanced before he could See also:

• SAIL

sail that his appointment was recalled . During the following winter (1783) he was again in Congress, and headed the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee appointed to consider the treaty of peace . In the succeeding session his service was marked by a See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report, from which resulted the present monetary system of the United States (the fundamental See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of its decimal basis being due, however, to Gouverneur See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris) ; and by the honour of See also:

• REPORTING

reporting the first definitely formulated plan for the government of the western territories,' that embodied in the See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of 1784 . He was already particularly associated with the great territory north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the See also:

• OHIO

Ohio; for Virginia had tendered to Congress in 1781, while Jefferson was governor, a cession of her claims to it, and now in 1784 formally transferred the territory by See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of Jefferson and his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow delegates in congress: a consummation for which he had laboured from the beginning . His See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery opinions See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in strength with years (though he was somewhat inconsistent in his attitude on the See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri question in 1820-1821) . Not only justice but patriotism as well pleaded with him the cause of the negroes,2 for he foresaw the certainty that the See also:

• RACE

race must some day, in some way, be freed, and the dire See also:

• POLITICAL

political dangers involved in the institution of slavery; and could any feasible plan of emancipation have been suggested he would have regarded its cost as a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• BAGATELLE (French, from Ital. bagatella,.bagata, a trifle)

bagatelle . From 1784 to 1789 Jefferson was in France, first under an appointment to assist Benjamin Franklin and See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams in negotiating See also:

• TREATIES

treaties of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce with See also:

• EUROPEAN

European states, and then as Franklin's successor (1785-1789) as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to France.' In these years he travelled widely in western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Though the commercial principles of the United States were far too liberal for See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance, as such, by See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers holding colonies in America, Jefferson won some specific concessions to American See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . He was exceedingly popular as a minister . The criticism is even to-day current with the uninformed that Jefferson took his See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners,4 morals, " irreligion " and political See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy from his French See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence; and it cannot be wholly ignored .

It may therefore be said that there is nothing except unsubstantiated See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal to contradict the conclusion, which various See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence ' This plan applied to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western as well as to the north-western territory, and was notable for a See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision that slavery should not exist therein after 1800 . This provision was defeated in 1784, but was adopted in 1787 for the north-western territory—a step which is very often said to have saved the Union in the Civil War; the south-western territory (out of which were later formed See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi, See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama, &c.) being given over to slavery . Thus the anti-slavery clause of the ordinance of 1784 was not adopted; and it was preceded by unofficial proposals.to the same end; yet to it belongs rightly some See also:

• SPECIAL

special honour as blazoning the way for federal See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of slavery in the territories, which later proved of such enormous consequence . Jefferson in the first draft of the Ordinance of 1784, suggested the names to be given to the states eventually to be formed out of the territory concerned . For his suggestions he has been much ridiculed . The names are as follows: Illinoia, Michigania, Sylvania, Polypotamia, Assenisipia, Charronesus, Pelisipia, See also:

• SARATOGA, BATTLES OF

Saratoga, Metropotamia and See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington . 2 He owned at one time above 15o slaves . His overseers were under See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract never to bleed them; but he manumitted only a few at his death . ' During this time he assisted in negotiating a treaty of amity and commerce with See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia (1785) and one with See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco (1789), and negotiated with France a " convention defining and establishing the functions and privileges of consuls and See also:

• VICE

vice-consuls " (1788) . 4 Patrick Henry humorously declaimed before a popular See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience that Jeffers6n, who favoured French See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and See also:

• COOKERY (Lat. coquus, a cook)

cookery, had " abjured his native victuals."supports, that Jefferson's morals were pure . His religious views and political beliefs will be discussed later . His theories had a deep and broad basis in See also:

• ENGLISH

English whiggism; and though he may well have found at least See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of his own ideas in French writers—and notably in See also:

• CONDORCET, MARIE JEAN ANTOINE NICOLAS CARITAT, MARQUIS DE (1743-1794)

Condorcet—he did not read sympathetically the writers commonly named, See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau and See also:

• MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE (1689-1755)

Montesquieu; besides, his democracy was seasoned, and he was rather a teacher than a student of revolutionary politics when he went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris .

The Notes on Virginia were widely read in Paris, and undoubtedly had some influence in forwarding the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the doctrines of divine rights and passive obedience among the cultivated classes of France . Jefferson was deeply interested in all the events leading up to the French Revolution, and all his ideas were coloured by his experience of the five seething years passed in Paris . On the 3rd of June 1789 he proposed to the leaders of the third estate a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise between the king and the nation . In See also:

• JULY

July he received the extraordinary honour of being invited to assist in the deliberations of the committee appointed by the See also:

• NATIONAL

national assembly to draft a constitution . This honour his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official position compelled him, of course, to decline; for he sedulously observed official proprieties, and in no way gave offence to the government to which he was accredited . When Jefferson left France it was with the intention of soon returning; but President Washington tendered him the secretary-See also:

• SHIP

ship of state in the new federal government, and Jefferson reluctantly accepted . His only essential objection to the constitution—the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of a bill of rights—was soon met, at least partially, by amendments . See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton (q.v.) was secretary of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury . These two men, antipodal in temperament and political belief, clashed in irreconcilable hostility, and in the conflict of public sentiment, first on the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial measures of Hamilton, and then on the questions with regard to France and Great Britain, Jefferson's sympathies being predominantly with the former, Hamilton's with the latter, they formed about themselves the two great parties of Democrats and Federalists . The schools of thought for which they stood have since contended for mastery in American politics: Hamilton's gradually strengthened by the necessities of stronger administration, as time gave widening See also:

• AMPLITUDE (from Lat. amplus, large)

amplitude and increasing See also:

• WEIGHT

weight to the specific powers—and so to Hamilton's great See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the " implied powers "—of the general government of a growing country; Jefferson's rooted in colonial life, and buttressed by the hopes and convictions of democracy . The most perplexing questions treated by Jefferson as secretary of state arose out of the policy of See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality adopted by the United States toward France, to whom she was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound by treaties and by a heavy debt of gratitude . Separation from European politics—the doctrine of " America for Americans " that was embodied later in the See also:

• MONROE
• MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831)

Monroe declaration—was a tenet cherished by Jefferson as by other leaders (not, however, Hamilton) and by none cherished more firmly, for by nature he was peculiarly opposed to war, and peace was a fundamental part of his politics .

However deep, therefore, his French sympathies, he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew the same safe See also:

• LINE

line as did Washington between French politics and American politics,' and handled the See also:

• GENET

Genet complications to the See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction of even the most See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan Federalists . He expounded, as a very high authority has said, " with remarkable clearness and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power the nature and See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of neutral See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty," and gave a " classic " statement of the doctrine of recognition.' But the French question had another See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in its reaction on American parties ? Jefferson did not read excesses in Paris as warnings against democracy, but as warnings against the abuses Jefferson did not sympathize with the See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of his followers who condoned the zealous excesses of Genet, and in general with the " misbehaviour " of the democratic clubs; but, as a student of English liberties, he could not accept Washington's doctrine that for a self-created permanent body to declare " this act unconstitutional, and that act pregnant with mischiefs " was " a stretch of arrogant presumption " which would, if unchecked, " destroy the country." e John See also:

• BASSET, or BASSETTE

Basset See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore, American See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

Diplomacy (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1905) . 'Compare C . D . Hazen, Contemporary American opinion of the French Revolution (Johns See also:

• HOPKINS, EDWARD WASHBURN (1857— )
• HOPKINS, ESEK (1718-18oz)
• HOPKINS, MARK (1802—1887)
• HOPKINS, SAMUEL (1721–1803)
• HOPKINS, WILLIAM (1793–1866)

Hopkins University, See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore, 1897) . of See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy; nor did he regard See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte's coup d'etat as revealing the weakness of republics, but rather as revealing the danger of See also:

• STANDING

standing armies; he did not look on the war of the coalitions against France as one of mere powers, but as one between forms of government; and though the immediate fruits of the Revolution belied his hopes, as they did those of ardent See also:

• HUMANITARIANS

humanitarians the See also:

• WORLD

world over, he saw the broad trend of See also:

• HISTORY

history, which vindicated his faith that a successful See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation of government in France would insure " a general reformation through Europe, and the resurrection to a new life of their people." Each of these statements could be reversed as regards Hamilton . It is the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to an understanding of the times to remember that the War of Independence had disjointed society; and democracy—which Jefferson had proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence, and enthroned in Virginia—after strengthening its rights by the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, had run to excesses, particularly in the See also:

• SHAYS, DANIEL (1747–1825)

Shays' See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, that produced a conservative reaction . To this reaction Hamilton explicitly appealed in the convention of 1787; and of this reaction various features of the constitution, and Hamiltonian federalism generally, were direct fruits . Moreover, independently of special incentives to the alarmist and the man of See also:

• PROPERTY

property, the opinions of many Americans turned again, after the war, into a current of sympathy for England, as naturally as American commerce returned to English ports . Jefferson, however, far from America in these years and unexposed to reactionary influences, came back with undiminished fervour of democracy, and the talk he heard of praise for England, and fearful recoil before even the beginning of the revolution in France, disheartened him, and filled him with suspicion.' Hating as he did feudal class institutions and Tudor-See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart traditions of arbitrary See also:

• RULE

rule,2 his attitude can be imagined toward Hamilton's oft-avowed partialities—and Jefferson assumed, his intrigues—for British class-government with its eighteenth-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century measure of corruption . In See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, Hamilton took from See also:

• RECENT

recent years the See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson of the evils of lax government; whereas Jefferson clung to the other lesson, which crumbling colonial governments had illustrated, that governments derived their strength (and the Declaration had proclaimed that they derived their just rights) from the will of the governed .

Each built his system accordingly: the one on the basis of See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, the other on See also:

• INDIVIDUALISM (from Lat. individualis, that which is not divided, an individual)

individualism—which led Jefferson to liberty alike in See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and in politics . The two men and the See also:

• FATE

fate of the parties they led are understandable only by regarding one as the leader of reaction, the other as in line with the American tendencies . The educated classes characteristically furnished Federal-ism with a remarkable body of alarmist leaders; and thus it happened that Jefferson, because, with only a few of his great contemporaries, he had a thorough See also:

• TRUST

trust and confidence in the people, became the idol of American democracy . As Hamilton was somewhat officious and very combative, and Jefferson, although uncontentious, very suspicious and quite independent, both men holding inflexibly to opinions, See also:

• CABINET

cabinet See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony became impossible when the two secretaries had formed parties about them and their See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences were carried into the It was at this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his life that Jefferson gave expression to some of the opinions for which he has been most severely criticized and ridiculed . For the Shays' rebellion he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt little abhorrence, and wrote: " A little rebellion now and. then is a good thing ... an observation of this truth should render honest republican See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors so mild in their punishment of rebellions as not to discourage them too much . It is a See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine necessary for the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound See also:

• HEALTH

health of government " (Writings, See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

Ford ed., iv . 362-363) . Again, " Can history produce an instance of rebellion so honorably See also:

• CON

con-ducted ? . . . See also:

• GOD

God forbid that we should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion . . . . What signify a few lives lost in a century or two ?

The See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants . It is its natural manure " (Ibid. iv . 467) . Again he says: " See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

Societies exist under three forms—(1) without government, as among our See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians; (2) under governments wherein the will of every one has a just influence . . . . (3) under governments of force . . . . It is a problem not clear in my mind that the first See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is not the best." (Ibid. iv . 362.) 1 He turned law students from See also:

• BLACKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM (1723-1780)

Blackstone's toryism to See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

Coke on See also:

• LITTLETON (or LYTTELTON), EDWARD, BARON (1589—1645)
• LITTLETON, SIR THOMAS DE (c. 1407-1481)

Littleton; and he would not read See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, so strong was his aversion to that writer's predilection for class and See also:

• FEUDALISM
• FEUDALISM (from Late Lat. feodum or feudum, a fee or fiel; see FEE)

feudalism.See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers; s and Washington abandoned perforce his idea " if parties did exist to reconcile them." Partly from discontent with a position in which he did not feel that he enjoyed the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute confidence of the president,' and partly because of the embarrassed condition of his private affairs, Jefferson repeatedly sought to resign, and finally on the 31st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1793, with Washington's reluctant consent, gave up his See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio and retired to his home at Monticello, near See also:

• CHARLOTTESVILLE

Charlottesville . Here he remained improving his estate (having refused a foreign See also:

• MISSION

mission) until elected vice-president in 1796 . Jefferson was never truly happy except in the country . He loved gardening, experimented enthusiastically in varieties and rotations of crops and kept meteorological tables with See also:

• DILIGENCE

diligence .

For eight years he tabulated with painful accuracy the earliest and latest See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-seven vegetables in the Washington See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market . When abroad he sought out varieties of See also:

• GRASSES

grasses, trees, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives for American experiment, and after his return from France received yearly for twenty-three years, from his old friend the See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the Jardin See also:

• DES

des planks, a See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box of seeds, which he distributed to public and private gardens throughout the United States . Jefferson seems to have been the first discoverer of an exact See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula for the construction of See also:

• MOULD

mould-boards of least resistance for ploughs . He managed to make See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical use of his calculus about his farms, and seems to have been remarkably See also:

• APT

apt in the practical application of See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical principles . In the presidential election of 1796 John Adams, the Federalist See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate, received the largest number of electoral votes, and Jefferson, the Republican candidate, the next largest number, and under the law as it then existed the former became president and the latter vice-president . Jefferson re-entered public life with reluctance, though doubtless with keen enough interest and resolution . He had rightly measured the strength of his followers, and was waiting for the government to " See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift into unison " with the republican sense of its constituents, predicting that President Adams would be " overborne " thereby . This prediction was speedily fulfilled . At first the reign of terror and the X . Y . Z. disclosures strengthened the Federalists, until these, mistaking the popular resentment against France for a reaction against democracy—an equivalence in their own minds—passed the See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien and See also:

• SEDITION (Lat. se or sed, apart, and ire, to go, a going apart, dissension)

sedition laws . In answer to those odious measures Jefferson and Madison prepared and procured the passage of the See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky and Virginia resolutions .

These resolutions later acquired extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary and pernicious prominence in the historical elaboration of the states'-rights doctrine . It is, however, unquestionably true, that as a startling protest against measures " to silence," in Jefferson's words, " by force and not by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason the complaints or criticisms, just or unjust, of our citizens against the conduct of our agents," they served, in this respect, a useful purpose; and as a counterblast against Hamiltonian principles of centralization they were probably, at that moment, very salutary; while even as pieces of constitutional See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation it is to be remembered that they did not contemplate See also:

• NULLIFICATION

nullification by any single state, and, moreover, are not to be judged by constitutional principles established later by courts and war . The Federalist party had ruined itself, and it lost the presidential election of 1800 . The Republican candidates, Jefferson and See also:

• AARON

Aaron See also:

• BURR, AARON (1756-1836)

Burr (q.v.), receiving equal votes, it devolved upon the House of Representatives, in accordance with the system which then obtained, to make one of the two president, the other vice-president . Party feeling in America has probably never been more dangerously impassioned than in the three years preceding 3 Hamilton wrote for the papers himself; Jefferson never did . A talented clerk in his See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, however, See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip Freneau, set up an anti-administration See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper . It was alleged that Jefferson appointed him for the purpose, and encouraged him . Undoubtedly there was nothing in the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . The Federalist outcry could only have been silenced by removal of Freneau, or by disclaimers or admonitions, which Jefferson did not think it See also:

• INCUMBENT (from Lat. incumbere, to lean, lie upon)

incumbent upon himself—or, since he thought Freneau was doing good, desirable for him—to make . ' Contrary to the general belief that Hamilton dominated Washing-ton in the cabinet, there is the president's explicit statement that " there were as many instances " of his deciding against as in favour of the secretary of the treasury . this election; See also:

• DISCOUNT

discount as one will the contrary obsessions of men like See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

Fisher See also:

• AMES
• AMES, FISHER (1758–1808)
• AMES, JOSEPH (1689–1759)
• AMES, OAKES (1804–1873)
• AMES, WILLIAM (1576–1633)

Ames, Hamilton and Jefferson, the time was fateful . Unable to induce Burr to avow Federalist principles, influential Federalists, in See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance of the constitution, contemplated the desperate alternative of preventing an election, and appointing an extra-constitutional (Federalist) president i See also:

• PRO

pro tempore .

Better counsels, however, prevailed; Hamilton used his influence in favour of Jefferson as against Burr, and Jefferson became president, entering upon his duties on the 4th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 18o1 . Republicans who had affiliated with the Federalists at the time of the X.Y . Z. disclosures returned; very many of the Federalists themselves Jefferson placated and drew over . " Believing," he wrote, " that (excepting the ardent monarchists) all our citizens agreed in ancient whig principles "—or, as he else-where expressed it, in " republican forms "—" I thought it advisable to define and declare them, and let them see the ground on which we can rally." This he did in his inaugural, which, though somewhat rhetorical, is a splendid and famous statement of democracy.' His conciliatory policy produced a mild See also:

• SCHISM

schism in his own party, but proved eminently See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise, and the state elections of 18or fulfilled his prophecy of 1791 that the policy of the Federalists would leave them " all See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and no body." In 1804 he was re-elected by 162 out of 176 votes . Jefferson's administrations were distinguished by the simplicity that marked his conduct in private life . He eschewed the pomp and ceremonies, natural inheritances from English origins, that had been an See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent setting to the character of his two See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble predecessors . His See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress was of " See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain See also:

• CLOTH

cloth " on the day of his inauguration . Instead of See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving to the Capitol in a See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach and six, he walked without a guard or servant from his lodgings—or, as a See also:

• RIVAL

rival tradition has it, he rode, and hitched his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse to a neighbouring fence—attended by a See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of citizens . Instead of opening Congress with a speech to which a formal reply was expected, he sent in a written See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message by a private See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . He discontinued the practice of sending ministers abroad in public vessels . Between himself and the governors of states he recognized no difference in See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . He would not have his birthday celebrated by state balls .

The weekly See also:

• LEVEE (from Fr. lever, to raise)
• LEVEE (from the French substantival use of lever, to rise; there is no French substantival use of levee in the English sense)

levee was practically abandoned . Even such titles as " See also:

• EXCELLENCY (Lat. excellentia, excellence)

Excellency," " See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

Honourable," " Mr " were distasteful to him . It was formally agreed in cabinet See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting that " when brought together in society, all are perfectly equal, whether foreign or domestic, titled or untitled, in or out of office." Thus See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic grades were ignored in social See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence and foreign relations were seriously compromised by See also:

• DINNER

dinner-table complications . One minister who appeared in See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace and dress sword for his first, and regularly appointed, official See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call on the president, was received—as he insisted with studied purpose—by Jefferson in negligent undress and slippers down at the See also:

• HEEL

heel . All this was in part premeditated system2—a part of Jefferson's purpose to republicanize the government and public opinion, which was the distinguishing feature of his administration; but it was also simply the nature of the man . In the See also:

• COMPANY

company he See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose by preference, honesty and knowledge were his only tests . He knew absolutely no social distinctions in his willingness to perform services for the deserving . He held up to his daughter as an especial See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model the See also:

• FAMILY

family of a poor but gifted mechanic as one wherein she would see " the best examples of rational living." " If it be possible," he said, " to be certainly conscic as of anything, I am conscious of feeling no difference between See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing to the highest and lowest being on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth." Jefferson's first administration was marked by a reduction of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, See also:

• NAVY

navy, diplomatic See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment and, to the uttermost, of governmental expenses; some reduction of the civil service, accompanied by a large shifting of offices to Republicans; and, above all, by the See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana See also:

• PURCHASE

Purchase (q.v.), following which Meriwether See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis and William See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, sent by Jefferson, con- ' See also Jefferson to E . See also:

• GERRY, ELBRIDGE (1744–1814)

Gerry, 26th of January 1799 (Writings, vii . 325), and to See also:

• DUPONT, PIERRE (1821-1870)

Dupont de See also:

• NEMOURS
• NEMOURS, LORDS AND DUKES OF
• NEMOURS, LOUIS CHARLES PHILIPPE RAPHAEL

Nemours (x . 23) . Cf .

Hamilton to J . See also:

• DAYTON

Dayton, 1799 (See also:

• WORKS

Works, x . 329) . 2In 1786 he suggested to James Monroe that the society of friends he hoped to gather in Albemarle might, in sumptuary matters, " set a good example " to a country (i.e . Virginia) that " needed " it.ducted their famous exploring expedition across the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent to the Pacific (see LEWIS, MERIWETIER) . Early in his term he carried out a policy he had urged upon the government when minister to France and when vice-president, by dispatching See also:

• NAVAL

naval forces to coerce See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli into a decent respect for the trade of his country—the first in Christendom to gain honourable See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute or piracy in the Mediterranean . The Louisiana Purchase, although the greatest " inconsistency " of his career, was also an See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration, in corresponding degree, of his essential practicality, and one of the greatest proofs of his statesmanship . It was the crowning achievement of his administration . It is often said that Jefferson established the " spoils system " by his changes in the civil service . He was the innovator, because for the first time there was opportunity for innovation . But mere justice requires See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the fact that incentive to that innovation, and excuse for it, were found in the absolute one-party See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly maintained by the Federalists . Moreover, Jefferson's ideals were high; his reasons for changes were in general excellent; he at least so far resisted the great pressure for office—producing by his resistance dissatisfaction within his party—as not to have lowered, apparently, the personnel of the service; and there were no such blots on his administration as President Adams's " midnight See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges." Nevertheless, his See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record here was not clear of blots, showing a few regrettable inconsistencies.' Among important but secondary measures of his second administration were the extinguishment of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian titles, and promotion of Indian emigration to lands beyond the Mississippi; reorganization of the See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia; fortification of the seaports; reduction of the public debt; and a simultaneous reduction of taxes .

But his second term derives most of its historical interest from the unsuccessful efforts to convict Aaron Burr of treasonable acts in the south-west, and from the efforts made to maintain, without war, the rights of neutrals on the high seas . In his diplomacy with See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon and Great Britain Jefferson betrayed a painful incorrigibility of optimism . A national policy of " growling before fighting "—later practised successfully enough by the United States—was not then possible; and one writer has very justly said that what chiefly affects one in the whole See also:

• MATTER

matter is the pathos of it—" a philosopher and a friend of peace struggling with a See also:

• DESPOT (Gr. Sc-va6rgs, lord or master; the origin of the first part of the Gr. word is unknown, the second part is cognate with rbvcs, husband, Lat. potens, powerful)

despot of super-human See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, and a Tory cabinet of superhuman insolence and stolidity " (See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent) . It is possible to regard the See also:

• EMBARGO (a Spanish word meaning " stoppage ")

embargo policy dispassionately as an interesting illustration of Jefferson's love of peace . The idea—a very old one with Jefferson—was not entirely See also:

• ORIGINAL

original; in essence it received other attempted applications in the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic period—and especially in the continental See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade . Jefferson's statesmanship had the limitations of an agrarian outlook . The extreme to which he carried his advocacy of diplomatic See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation, his opposition to the creation of an adequate navy,' his estimate of cities as "sores upon the body politic," his See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice against manufactures, trust in farmers, and political distrust of the See also:

• ARTISAN, or ARTIZAN

artisan class, all reflect them . When, on the 4th of March 1809, Jefferson retired from the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency, he had been almost continuously in the public service for See also:

• FORTY

forty years . He refused to be re-elected for a third time, though requested by the legislatures of five states to be a candidate; and thus, with Washington's See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior example, helped 3 See C . R . See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish, The Civil Service and the Patronage (Harvard Historical Studies, New York, 1905), ch . 2 .

' Jefferson's dislike of a navy was due to his desire for an economical administration and for peace . Shortly after his inauguration he expressed a desire to See also:

• LAY

lay up the larger men of war in the eastern See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• POTOMAC

Potomac, where they would require only " one set of plunderers to take care of them." To Thomas See also:

• PAINE, ROBERT TREAT (1731–1814)
• PAINE, THOMAS (1737–1809)

Paine he wrote in 1807: " I believe that gunboats are the only See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence which can be useful to us and protect us from the ruinous folly of a navy." (Works, Ford ed., ix . 137.) The gunboats desired by Jefferson were small, cheap See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft equipped with one or two guns and kept on See also:

• SHORE

shore under sheds until actually needed, when they were to be launched and manned by a sort of naval militia . A large number of these boats were constructed and they afforded some See also:

• PROTECTION

protection to See also:

• COASTING

coasting vessels against privateers, but in See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad. See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, or when employed against a See also:

• FRIGATE

frigate, they were worse than useless, and Jefferson's " gunboat system " was admittedly a failure . to establish a precedent deemed by him to be of great importance under a democratic government . His influence seemed scarcely lessened in his retirement . Madison and Monroe, his immediate successors—neighbours and devoted friends, whom he had advised in their early education and led in their maturer years—consulted him on all great questions, and there was no break of principles in the twenty-four years of the " Jeffersonian system." Jefferson was one of the greatest political managers his country has known . He had a See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye for character, was genuinely amiable, uncontentious, tactful, masterful; and it may be assumed from his success that he was wary or shrewd to a degree . It is true, moreover, that, unless tested by a few unchanging principles, his acts were often strikingly inconsistent; and even when so tested, not infrequently remain so in appearance . Full explanations do not remove from some important transactions in his political life an impression of indirectness . But reasonable See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment must find very unjust the stigma of duplicity put upon him by the Federalists . Measured by the records of other men equally successful as political leaders, there seems little of this nature to criticize severely .

Jefferson had the full courage of his convictions . Extreme as were his principles, his pertinacity in adhering to them and his independence of expression were quite as extreme . There were philosophic and philanthropic elements in his political faith which will always See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead some to class him as a visionary and fanatic; but although he certainly indulged at times in dreams at which one may still smile, he was not, properly speaking, a visionary; nor can he with justice be stigmatized as a fanatic . He felt fervently, was not afraid to See also:

• RISK

risk all on the conclusions to which his See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and his mind led him, declared himself with openness and energy; and he spoke and even wrote his conclusions, how ever bold or abstract, without troubling to detail his reasoning or clip his off-hand speculations . Certain it is that there is much in his utterances for a less robust democracy than his own to cavil at.' Soar, however, as he might, he was essentially not a doctrinaire, but an empiricist; his mind was See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective . Though he remained, to the end, See also:

• FIRM

firm in his belief that there had been an active monarchist party,' this obsession did not carry him out of See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the realities of human nature and of his time . He built with See also:

• SURETY

surety on the colonial past, and had a better reasoned view of the actual future than had any of his contemporaries . Events soon appraised the ultra-Federalist judgment of American democracy, so tersely expressed by Fisher Ames as " like death . . . only the See also:

• DISMAL

dismal See also:

• PASSPORT

passport to a mope dismal hereafter"; and, with it, appraised Jefferson's word in his first inaugural for those who, "in the full See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of successful experiment," were ready to abandon a government that had so far kept them " free and firm, on the visionary fear that it might by possibility lack energy to preserve itself." Time soon tested, too, his principle that that government must prove the strongest on earth " where every man . . . would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern." He summed up as follows the difference between himself and the Hamiltonian See also:

• GROUP

group: " One feared most the See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of the people; the other the selfishness of rulers independent of them." Jefferson, in short, had unlimited faith in the honesty of the people; a large faith in their common sense; believed that all is to be won ' See e.g. his letters in 1787 on the Shays' rebellion, and his speculations on the doctrine that one generation may not bind another by paper documents . With the latter may be compared present-day movements like the initiative and See also:

• REFERENDUM

referendum, and not a few discussions of national debts . Jefferson's distrust of governments was nothing exceptional for a consistent individualist .

2 In his last years he carefully sifted and revised his contemporary notes evidencing, as he believed, the existence of such a party, and they remain as his See also:

• ANA

Ana (chiefly Hamiltoniana) . The only just judgment of these notes is to be obtained by looking at them, and by testing his suspicions with the letters of Hamilton, Ames, See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• WOLCOTT, ROGER (1679-1767)

Wolcott, See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore See also:

• SEDGWICK, ADAM (1785-1873)
• SEDGWICK, JOHN (1813–1864)

Sedgwick, George See also:

• CABOT, GEORGE (1751–1823)
• CABOT, JOHN [GIOVANNI CABOTO] (1450-1498)

Cabot and the other Hamiltonians . Such a comparison measures also the relative judgment, temper and charity of these writers and Jefferson . It must still remain true, however, that Jefferson's Ana present him in a far from engaging See also:

• LIGHT

light.by appealing to the reason of voters; that by education their ignorance can be eliminated; that human nature is indefinitely perfectible; that majorities rule, therefore, not only by virtue of force (which was See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke's ultimate See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification of them), but of right.' His importance as a maker of See also:

• MODERN

modern America can scarcely be overstated, for the ideas he advocated have become the very See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of American republicanism . His ad-ministration ended the possibility, See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability or certainty—measure it as one will—of the development of Federalism in the direction of class government; and the party he formed, inspired by the creed he gave it, fixed the democratic future of the nation . And by his own labours he had vindicated his faith in the experiment of self-government . Jefferson's last years were devoted to the establishment of the university of Virginia at Charlottesville, near his home . He planned the buildings, gathered its faculty—mainly from abroad—and shaped its organization . Practically all the great ideas of aim, administration and curriculum that dominated American See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities at the end of the ,9th century were anticipated by him . He hoped that the university might be a dominant influence in national culture, but circumstances crippled it . His educational plans had been maturing in his mind since 1776 . His financial affairs in these last years gave him See also:

• GRAVE

grave concern .

His See also:

• FINE

fine library of over ro,000 volumes was See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased at a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price by Congress in 1815, and a national contribution ($16,5oo) just before his death enabled him to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die in peace . Though not personally extravagant, his See also:

• SALARY

salary, and the small income from his large estates, never sufficed to meet his generous See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of his representative position; and after his retirement from public life the numerous visitors to Monticello consumed the remnants of his property . He died on the 4th of July 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, on the same day as John Adams . He chose for his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb the See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph: "Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the See also:

• STATUTE

statute of Virginia for religious freedom, and father of the university of Virginia." Jefferson was about 6 ft. in height, large-boned, slim, erect and sinewy . He had angular features, a very ruddy complexion, sandy See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, and See also:

• HAZEL (0. Eng. hresell; cf. Ger. Hasel, Swed. and Dan. Kassel, &c.,; Fr. noiselier, coudrier)

hazel-flecked, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey eyes . Age lessened the unattractiveness of his exterior . In later years he was negligent in dress and loose in bearing . There was See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace, nevertheless, in his manners; and his See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank and See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest address, his quick sympathy (yet he seemed See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold to strangers), his vivacious, desultory, informing talk, gave him an engaging See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm . Beneath a quiet See also:

• SURFACE

surface he was fairly aglow with intense convictions and a very emotional temperament . Yet he seems to have acted habitually, in great and little things, on system . His mind, no less trenchant and subtle than Hamilton's, was the most impressible, the most receptive, mind of his time in America . The range of his interests is remarkable .

For many years he was president of the American philosophical society . Though it is a See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical tradition that he lacked wit, See also:

• MOLIERE (1622-1673)

Moliere and See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Quixote seem to have been his favourites; and though the utilitarian wholly crowds romanticism out of his writings, he had enough of that quality in youth to prepare to learn Gaelic in order to translate See also:

• OSSIAN

Ossian, and sent to See also:

• MACPHERSON, JAMES (1736–1796)
• MACPHERSON, SIR DAVID LEWIS (1818–1896)

Macpherson for the originals ! His interest in See also:

• ART

art was evidently intellectual . He was singularly sweet-tempered, and shrank from the impassioned political bitterness that raged about him; See also:

• BORE

bore with relative equanimity a See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood of coarse and See also:

• MALIGNANT (Lat. malignus, evil-disposed, from maligenus)

malignant abuse of his motives, morals, religion,' personal honesty and decency; cherished very few personal animosities; and better than any of his great antagonists cleared political opposition of See also:

• ILL

ill-blooded See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality . In short, his kindness of heart See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose above all social, religious or political differences, and nothing destroyed his confidence in men and his sanguine views of life . ' " Jefferson, in 1789, wrote some such stuff about the will of majorities, as a New Englander would lose his rank among men of sense to avow."—Fisher Ames (See also:

• JAN

Jan . 1800) . He was classed as a " French infidel " and atheist . His attitude toward religion was in fact deeply reverent and sincere, but he insisted that religion was purely an individual matter, " evidenced, as concerns the world by each one's daily life," and demanded absolute freedom of private judgment . He looked on See also:

• UNITARIANISM

Unitarianism with much sympathy and desired its growth . " I am a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian," he wrote in 1823, " in the only sense in which he (Jesus) wished any one to be; sincerely attached to his doctrines in preference to all others; ascribing to himself every human excellence, and believing he never claimed any other." See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester Ford (10 vols., New York, 1892—1899) ; letters in See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series 7, vol. i.; S . E .

See also:

• FORMAN, ANDREW (c. 1465-1521)
• FORMAN, SIMON (1552-1611)

Forman, The Letters and Writings of Thomas Jefferson, including all his Important Utterances on Public Questions (1900); J . P . See also:

• FOLEY, JOHN HENRY (1818-1874)
• FOLEY, SIR THOMAS (1757-1833)

Foley, The Jefferson Cyclopaedia (New York, 1900); the Memoir, See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Correspondence, &c., by T . J . Randolph (4 vols., Charlottesville, Va., 1829) ; See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies by James See also:

• SCHOULER, JAMES (1839— )

Schouler (" Makers of America Series," New York, 1$93) John T . See also:

• MORSE, SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE (1791—1872)

Morse (" American Statesmen Series," See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1883), George See also:

• TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774)
• TUCKER, JOSIAH (1712-1799)

Tucker (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1837) ; James See also:

• PARTON, JAMES (1822–1891)

Parton (Boston, 1874) ; and especially that by Henry S . See also:

• RANDALL, SAMUEL JACKSON (1828-189o)

Randall (3 vols., New York, 1853), a monumental work, although marred by some special See also:

• PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

pleading, and sharing Jefferson's implacable opinions of the " Monocrats." See also Henry Adams, History of the United States 1801—1817, vols . 1—4 (New York, I889—189o); See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert B . Adams, Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia (U . S. See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

bureau of education, Washington, 1888); Sarah N . Randolph, Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1871); and an See also:

• ILLUMINATING

illuminating appreciation by W . P .

Trent, in his Southern Statesmen of the Old Regime (New York, 1897) ; that by John See also:

• FISKE, JOHN (1842-1901)
• FISKE, MINNIE MADDERN (1865– )

Fiske, Essays, Historical and See also:

• LITERARY

Literary, vol. i . (New York, 1902), has slighter merits . (F . S .