JENA  , a university See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the See also:

• GRAND

grand duchy of See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar, on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• SAALE

Saale, 56 m . S.W. from See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig by the Grossberigen-See also:

• SAALFELD

Saalfeld and 12 M . S.E. of Weimar by the Weimar-See also:

• GERA

Gera lines of railway . Pop . (19o5), 26,355 . Its situation in a broad valley environed by See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone hills is somewhat dreary . To the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north lies the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, descending steeply to the valley, famous as the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Jena . The town is surrounded by promenades occupying the site of the old fortifications; it contains in addition to the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market square, many old-fashioned houses and See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint narrow streets . Besides the old university buildings, the most interesting edifices are the 15th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael, with atower 318 ft. high, containing an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, beneath which is a See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door-way leading to a vault, and a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, originally destined for his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb; the university library, in which is preserved a curious figure of a See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon; and the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge across the Saale, as See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the church See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

steeple is high, the centre See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch of which is surmounted by a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone carved See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a malefactor . Across the See also:

• RIVER

river is the " See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain," or See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill, whence a See also:

• FINE

fine view is obtained of the town and surroundings, and hard by the See also:

• FUCHS, JOHANN NEPOMUK VON (1774-1856)
• FUCHS, LEONHARD (15o1-1566)

Fuchs-Turm (See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower) celebrated for student orgies, while in the centre of the town is the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of an astronomer, Weigel, with a deep See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft through which the stars can be seen in the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . Thus the seven marvels of Jena are summed up in the Latin lines: Ara, caput, See also:

• DRACO (" the Dragon ")
• DRACO (7th century B.C.)

draco, coons, ports, vulpecula turris, Weigeliana domus; septem miracula Jenae . There must also be mentioned the university church, the new university buildings, which occupy the site of the ducal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace (Schloss) where See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe wrote his See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann and Dorothea, the Schwarzer See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar Hotel, where Luther spent the See also:

• NIGHT

night after his See also:

• FLIGHT

flight from the See also:

• WARTBURG, THE

Wartburg, and four towers and a gateway which now alone See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the position of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient walls .

The town has of See also:

• LATE

late years become a favourite residential resort and has greatly extended towards the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, where there is a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of pleasant villas . Its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief prosperity centres, however, in the university . In 1547 the elector See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Magnanimous of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, while a See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive in the hands of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., conceived the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a university at Jena, which was accordingly established by his three sons . After having obtained a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter from the emperor See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I., it was inaugurated on the 2nd of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1558 . It was most numerously attended about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th century; but the most brilliant professoriate was under the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke Charles See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, Goethe's•See also:

• PATRON

patron (1787–18o6), when See also:

• FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN (originally HARTMANN) VON (1797-1879)
• FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB (1762-1814)

Fichte, See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel, See also:

• SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON (1775-1854)
• SCHELLING, KAROLINE (1763-1809)

Schelling, See also:

• SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1767-1845)
• SCHLEGEL, JOHANN ELIAS (1719-1749)
• SCHLEGEL, KARL WILHELM FRIEDRICH VON (1772-1829)

Schlegel and See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller were on its teaching See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff . Founded as a See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home for the new religious opinions of the 16th century, it has ever been in the forefront of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities in liberally accepting new ideas . It distances perhaps every other German university in the extent to which it carries out what are popularly regarded as the characteristics of German student-See also:

• LIFE

life—duelling and the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for Freiheit . At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the opening of new universities, co-operating with the suspicions of the various German governments as to the democratic opinions which obtained at Jena, militated against the university, which has never regained its former prosperity . In 1905 it was attended by about Iroo students, and its teaching staff (including privatdocenten) numbered 112 . Amongst its numerous auxiliaries may be mentioned the library, with 200,000 volumes, the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, the meteorological See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute, the botanical See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, seminaries of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology and See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and well equipped clinical, anatomical and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical institutes . There are also veterinary and agricultural colleges in connexion with the university . The manufactures of Jena are not consider-able .

The See also:

• BOOK

book See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade has of late years revived, and there are several See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing establishments . Jena appears to have possessed municipal rights in the 13th century . At the beginning of the 14th century it was in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the margraves of See also:

• MEISSEN

Meissen, from whom it passed in 1423 to the elector of Saxony . Since 1485 it has remained in the Ernestine See also:

• LINE

line of the house of Saxony . In 1662 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to Bernhard, youngest son of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William duke of Weimar, and became the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of a small See also:

• SEPARATE

separate duchy . Bernhard's line having become See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct in 169o, Jena was See also:

• UNITED

united with See also:

• EISENACH

Eisenach, and in 1741 reverted with that duchy to Weimar . In more See also:

• MODERN

modern times Jena has been made famous by the defeat inflicted in the vicinity, on the 14th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 18o6, by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon upon the Prussian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army under the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• HOHENLOHE

Hohenlohe (see See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

NAPOLEONIC See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

CAMPAIGNS) . See See also:

• SCHREIBER, LADY CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH (1812-1895)

Schreiber and Farber, Jena von seinem Ursprun bis zur neuesten Zeit (2nd ed., 1858) ; Ortloff, Jena and Umgegend (3rd ed., 1875) ; Leonhardt, Jena als Universitdt and Stadt (Jena, 1902); See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter, Fuhrer durch Jena and Umgebung (Jena, 1901); See also:

• BIEDERMANN, FRIEDRICH KARL (1812-1901)

Biedermann, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Universitdt Jena (Jena, 1858) ; and the Urkundenbuch der Stadt Jena edited by J . E . A . See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin and O . See also:

• DEVRIENT

Devrient (1888-1903) .