See also:

• EPISTLE

EPISTLE OF See also:

• EPISTLE OF JEREMY

JEREMY  , an apocryphal See also:

• BOOK

book of the Old Testament . This See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter purports to have been written by See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah to the exiles who were already in See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon or on the way thither . The author was a Hellenistic See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew, and not improbably a Jew of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria . His See also:

• WORK

work, which shows little See also:

• LITERARY

literary skill, was written with a serious See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purpose . He veiled his fierce attack on the idol gods of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt by holding up to derision the See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry of Babylon . The fact that Jeremiah (See also:

• XXIX

xxix. i sqq.) was known to have written a letter of this nature naturally suggested to a Hellenist, possibly of the 1st See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. or earlier, the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a second epistolary undertaking, and other passages of Jeremiah's prophecy (x . I-12; xxix . 4-23) may have determined also its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and contents . The writer warned the exiles that they were to remain in captivity for seven generations; that they would there see the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship paid to idols, from all participation in which they were to hold aloof; for that idols were nothing See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the work of men's hands, without the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of speech, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing or self-preservation . They could not bless their worshippers even in the smallest concerns of See also:

• LIFE

life; they were indifferent to moral qualities, and were of less value than the commonest See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, and finally, " with rare See also:

• IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony, the author compared an idol to a scarecrow (v . 70), impotent to protect, but deluding to the See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination " (See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

MARSHALL) . The date of the See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle is uncertain .

It is believed by some scholars to be referred to in 2 See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

Mace. ii . 2, which says that Jeremiah charged the exiles " not to forget the statutes of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord, neither See also:

• ILI

Ili . 59-64a, however, is a specimen of imaginative " Midrashic " See also:

• HISTORY

history . See See also:

• GIESEBRECHT, WILHELM VON (1814–1889)

Giesebrecht's monograph.to be led astray in their minds when they saw images of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver and the adornment thereof." But the reference is disputed by Fritzsche, See also:

• GIFFORD, ROBERT SWAIN (184o—19o5)
• GIFFORD, SANDFORD ROBINSON (1823–188o)
• GIFFORD, WILLIAM (1756-1826)

Gifford, Shiirer and others . The epistle was included in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CANON

canon . There was no question of its canonicity till the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, who termed it a pseudepigraph . See Fritzsche, Handb. zu den Apok., 1851; Gifford, in See also:

• SPEAKER

Speaker's Apoc. ii . 286-303; Marshall, in See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings' Dict . See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, ii . 578-579 . (R . H .

C.) JERtZ DE LA FRONTERA (formerly XERES), a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz, near the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river Guadalete, and on the See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville-Cadiz railway, about 7 M. from the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Pop . (1900), 63,473 . Jerez is built in the midst of an undulating See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of See also:

• GREAT

great fertility . Its whitewashed houses, clean, broad streets, and squares planted with trees extend far beyond the limits formerly enclosed by the Moorish walls, almost entirely demolished . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal buildings are the 15th-century See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel, the 17th-century collegiate church with its lofty See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell-See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, the 16th-century town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, superseded, for See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official purposes, by a See also:

• MODERN

modern edifice, the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, and many hospitals, charitable institutions and See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, including See also:

• ACADEMIES

academies of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . But the most characteristic features of Jerez are the huge bodegas, or See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-lodges, for the manufacture and storage of See also:

• SHERRY

sherry, and the vineyards, covering more than 150,000 acres, which surround it on all sides . The town is an important See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market for See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit and livestock, but its See also:

• STAPLE

staple See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is in wine . Sherry is also produced in other districts, but takes its name, formerly written in See also:

• ENGLISH

English as sherris or xeres, from Jerez . The demand for sherry diminished very greatly during the last See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the 19th century, especially in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, which had been the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief consumer . In 1872 the sherry shipped from Cadiz to Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain alone was valued at 2,500,000; in 1902 the See also:

• TOTAL

total export hardly amounted to one-fifth of this sum . The wine trade, however, still brings a considerable profit, and few towns of southern Spain display greater commercial activity than Jerez .

In the earlier See also:

• PART

part of the 18th century the neighbourhood suffered severely from yellow See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever; but it was rendered comparatively healthy when in 1869 an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct was opened to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply pure See also:

• WATER

water . Strikes and revolutionary disturbances have frequently retarded business in more See also:

• RECENT

recent years . Jerez has been variously identified with the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• MUNICIPIUM (Lat. munus, a duty or privilege, capere, to take)

Municipium Seriense; with Asido, perhaps the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original of the Moorish Sherish; and with Hasta Regia, a name which may survive in the designation of La See also:

• MESA (Span. mesa, from Lat. mensa, a table)

Mesa de Asta, a neighbouring See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill . Jerez was taken from the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand III. of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile (1217-1252); but it was twice recaptured before See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso X. finally occupied it in 1264 . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 14th century it received the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title de la Frontera, i.e . " of the frontier," See also:

• COMMON

common to several towns on the Moorish border .