ST See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• ST JEROME (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

JEROME (HIERONYMUS, in full See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

EUSEBIUS See also:

• SOPHRONIUS

SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)  , was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Strido (See also:

• MODERN

modern Strigau ?), a See also:

• TOWN

town on the border of See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia fronting See also:

• PANNONIA

Pannonia, destroyed by the Goths in A.O . 377 . What is known of See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome has mostly been recovered from his own writings . He appears to have been born about 340; his parents were Christians, orthodox though living among See also:

• PEOPLE

people mostly Arians and wealthy . He was at first educated at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, Bonosus, a See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long friend, sharing his youthful studies, and was afterwards sent to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . See also:

• DONATUS, AELIUS

Donatus taught him See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar and explained the Latin poets . See also:

• VICTORINUS, GAIUS MARIUS (4th century A.D.)

Victorinus taught him See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric . He attended the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-courts, and listened to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates See also:

• PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

pleading in the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum . He went to the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, and heard lectures on See also:

• PLATO

Plato, See also:

• DIOGENES

Diogenes, See also:

• CLITOMACHUS

Clitomachus and See also:

• CARNEADES (214–129 B.C.)

Carneades; the See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction of names show how philosophy had become a dead tradition . ' On the variant traditions in the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text and the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint, see the commentaries on See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings . 2 See also See also:

• JONAH
• JONAH, RABBI (ABULWALID MERWAN IBN JANAH, also R. MARINUS) (c. 996-c. 1050)

JONAH . In 2 Kings xiv .

28, " Hamath, which. had belonged to See also:

• JUDAH

Judah " (R.V.) is incorrect; Winckler (Keilinschrift. u . Alte Test., 2nd ed., 262) suspects a reference to See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel's overlordship in Judah; See also:

• BURNEY, CHARLES (1726-1814)

Burney (Heb . Text of Kings) reads: " how he fought with See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus and how he turned away the wrath of Yahweh from Israel "; see also Ency . Bib. See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 2406 n . 4, and the commentaries . His Sundays were spent in the catacombs in discovering See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves of the martyrs and deciphering See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions . See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope Liberius baptized him in 36o; three years later the See also:

• NEWS

news of the See also:

• DEATH

death of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian came to Rome, and Christians See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt relieved from a See also:

• GREAT

great dread . When his student days were over Jerome returned to Strido, but did not stay there long . His See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character was formed . He was a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, with a scholar's tastes and cravings for knowledge, easily excited, See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent on scholarly discoveries . From Strido he went to See also:

• AQUILEIA

Aquileia, where he formed some friendships among the monks of the large monastery, notably with See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus, with whom he was destined to See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel bitterly over the question of See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen's orthodoxy and See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth as a commentator; for Jerome was ' a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who always sacrificed a friend to an See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, and when he changed sides in a controversy expected his acquaintances to follow him .

From Aquileia he went to See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul (366-370), visiting in turn the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal places in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, from See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne and See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south to Treves on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east frontier . He stayed some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at Treves studying and observing, and it was there that he first began to think seriously upon sacred things . From Treves he returned to Strido, and from Strido to Aquileia . He settled down to See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORK

work in Aquileia (370-373) and composed there his first See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, De muliere se plies percussa, in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to his friend Innocentius . Some dispute caused him to leave Aquileia suddenly; and with a few companions, Innocentius, See also:

• EVAGRIUS (c. 536–600)

Evagrius, and See also:

• HELIODORUS

Heliodorus being among them, he started for a long tour in the East . The See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle to Rufinus, (3rd in Vallarsi's enumeration) tells us the route . They went through See also:

• THRACE

Thrace, visiting See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, See also:

• BITHYNIA (BtOvpta)

Bithynia, See also:

• GALATIA

Galatia, See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia and See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia, to See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, Jerome observing and making notes as they went . He was interested in the theological disputes and schisms in Galatia, in the two See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages spoken in Cilicia, &c . At Antioch the party remained some time . Innocentius died of a See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, and Jerome was dangerously See also:

• ILL

ill . This illness induced a spiritual See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, and he resolved to renounce whatever kept him back from See also:

• GOD

God . His greatest temptation was the study of the literature of See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan Rome .

In a See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ reproached him with caring more to be a Ciceronian than a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian . He disliked the uncouth See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the Scriptures . " 0 See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord," he prayed, " See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou knowest that whenever I have and study See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• MSS

MSS . I deny thee," and he made a resolve henceforth to devote his scholarship to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Scripture . " See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David was to be henceforth his See also:

• SIMONIDES (or SEMONIDES) OF AMORGOS

Simonides, See also:

• PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar and See also:

• ALCAEUS (Ar earos)

Alcaeus, his See also:

• FLACCUS

Flaccus, See also:

• CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus and See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus." Fortified by these resolves he betook himself to a See also:

• HERMIT

hermit life in the wastes of See also:

• CHALCIS

Chalcis, S.E. from Antioch (373-379) . Chalcis was the Thebaid of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria . Great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of monks, each in solitary See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell, spent lonely lives, scorched by the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, ill-clad and scantily fed, pondering on portions of Scripture or copying MSS. to serve as See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of meditation . Jerome at once set himself to such scholarly work as the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place afforded . He discovered and copied MSS., and began to study Hebrew . There also he wrote the life of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul of See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes, probably an imaginary See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale embodying the facts of the monkish life around him . Just then the Meletian See also:

• SCHISM

schism, which arose over the relation of the orthodox to Arian bishops and to those baptized by Arians, distressed the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church at Antioch (see MELETIUS OF ANTIOCH), and Jerome as usual eagerly joined the fray . Here as elsewhere he had but one See also:

• RULE

rule to See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide him in matters of See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine and discipline—the practice of Rome and the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West; for it is singular to see how Jerome, who is daringly original in points of scholarly See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, was a ruthless See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan in all other matters; and, having discovered what was the Western practice, he set See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue and See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen to work with his usual bitterness (Altercatio luciferiani et orthodoxi) .

At Antioch in 379 he was ordained See also:

• PRESBYTER (Gr. apactObTepos, elder, the comparative of IrOo-Oas, an old man)

presbyter . From there he went to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, where he met with the great Eastern scholar and theologian See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of Nazianzus, and with his aid tried to perfect himself in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek . The result of his studies there was the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Chronicon of See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius, with a continuation' of twenty-eight homilies of Ongen on See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah and ' Cf . Schoene's See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1866, 1875).See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel, and of nine homilies of Origen on the visions of See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah . In 381 Meletius died, and Pope See also:

• DAMASUS

Damasus interfered in the dispute at Antioch, hoping to end it . Jerome was called to Rome in 382 to give help in the See also:

• MATTER

matter, and was made secretary during the investigation . His work brought him into inter-course with this great pontiff, who soon saw what he could best do, and how his vast scholarship might be made of use to the church . Damasus suggested to him to revise the " Old Latin " translation of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible; and to this task he henceforth devoted his great abilities . At Rome were published the Gospels (with a See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication to Pope Damasus, an explanatory introduction, and the canons of Eusebius), the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the New Testament and the version of the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms from the Septuagint known as the Psallerium romanum, which was followed (c . 388) by the Psalterium gallicanum, based on the Hexaplar Greek text . These scholarly labours, however, did not take up his whole time, and it was almost impossible for Jerome to be long anywlere without getting into a dispute . He was a zealous defender of that monastic life which was beginning to take such a large place in the church of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and he found enthusiastic disciples among the Roman ladies .

A number of widows and maidens met together in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Marcella to study the Scriptures with him; he taught them Hebrew, and preached the virtues of the celibate life . His arguments and exhortations may be gathered from many of his epistles and from his tract Adversus Helvidium, in which he defends the perpetual virginity of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary against Helvidius, who maintained that she See also:

• BORE

bore See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children to See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph . His See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over these ladies alarmed their relatives and excited the suspicions of the See also:

• REGULAR

regular priesthood and of the populace, but while Pope Damasus lived Jerome remained secure . Damasus died, however, in 384, and was succeeded by See also:

• SIRICIUS

Siricius, who did not show much friendship for Jerome . He found it expedient to leave Rome, and set out for the East in 385 . His letters (especially Ep . 45) are full of outcries against his enemies and of indignant protestations that he had done nothing unbecoming a Christian, that he had taken no See also:

• MONEY

money, nor gifts great nor small, that he had no delight in silken attire, sparkling gems or See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold ornaments, that no matron moved him unless by penitence and See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting, &c . His route is given in the third See also:

• BOOK

book In Rufinum; he went by Rhegium and See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus, where he was entertained by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• EPIPHANIUS, SAINT (c. 315-402)

Epiphanius, to Antioch . There he was joined by two wealthy Roman ladies, Paula, a widow, and Eustochium, her daughter, one of Jerome's Hebrew students . They came accompanied by a See also:

• BAND

band of Roman maidens vowed to live a celibate life in a nunnery in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . Accompanied by these ladies Jerome made the tour of Palestine, carefully noting with a scholar's keenness the various places mentioned in Holy Scripture . The results of this See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey may be traced in his translation with emendations of the book of Eusebius on the situation and names of Hebrew places, written probably three years afterwards, when he had settled down at See also:

• BETHLEHEM
• BETHLEHEM (Heb. " House of Bread," or, according to a more questionable etymology, " of [the god] Lakhmu ")

Bethlehem .

From Palestine Jerome and his companions went to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, remaining some time in See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, and they visited the See also:

• CON

con-vents of the Nitrian See also:

• DESERT

desert . Jerome's mind was evidently full of anxiety about his translation of the Old Testament, for we find him in his letters recording the conversations he had with learned men about disputed readings and doubtful renderings; the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind See also:

• DIDYMUS (?3o9-?394)

Didymus of Alexandria, whom he heard interpreting See also:

• HOSEA

Hosea, appears to have been most useful . When they returned to Palestine they all settled at Bethlehem, where Paula built four monasteries, three for nuns and one for monks . She was at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the nunneries until her death in 404, when Eustochium succeeded her; Jerome presided over the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth monastery . Here he did most of his literary work and, throwing aside his unfinished See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of a translation from Origen's Hexaplar text, translated the Old Testament directly from the Hebrew, with the aid of Jewish scholars . He mentions a See also:

• RABBI

rabbi from Lydda, a rabbi from See also:

• TIBERIAS

Tiberias, and above all rabbi See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben Anina, who came to him by See also:

• NIGHT

night secretly for fear of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . Jerome was not See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar enough with Hebrew to be able to dispense with such assistance, and he makes the See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue responsible for the accuracy of his version: " Let him who would See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge aught in this translation," he says, " ask the Jews." The result of all this labour was the Latin translation of the Scriptures which, in spite of much opposition from the more conservative party in the church, afterwards became the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate or authorized version; but the Vulgate as we have it now is not exactly Jerome's Vulgate, for it suffered a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal from changes made under the influence of the older See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations; the text became very corrupt during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, and in particular all the Apocrypha, except See also:

• TOBIT, THE BOOK OF

Tobit and See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith, which Jerome translated from the See also:

• CHALDEE

Chaldee, were added from the older versions . (See BIBLE: O.T . Versions.) Notwithstanding the labour involved in translating the Scriptures, Jerome found time to do a great deal of literary work, and also to indulge in violent controversy . Earlier in life he had a great admiration for Origen, and translated many of his See also:

• WORKS

works, and this lasted after he had settled at Bethlehem, for in 389 he translated Origen's homilies on See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke; but he came to change his opinion and wrote violently against two admirers of the great Alexandrian scholar, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, bishop of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, and his own former friend Rufinus . At Bethlehem also he found time to finish See also:

• DIDYMI, or DIDYMA (mod. Hieronta)

Didymi de spiritu sancto See also:

• LIBER

liber, a translation begun at Rome at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of Pope Damasus, to denounce the revival of Gnostic heresies by See also:

• JOVINIANUS

Jovinianus and See also:

• VIGILANTIUS (fl. c. 400)

Vigilantius (Adv . Jovinianum See also:

• LIB

lib .

II. and Contra Vigilantium liber), and to repeat his admiration of the hermit life in his Vita S . Hilarionis eremitae, in his Vita Malchi monachi captivi, in his translations of the Rule of St See also:

• PACHOMIUS, ST (292-346)

Pachomius (the See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict of Egypt), and in his S . Pachomii et S . Theodorici epistolae et verba mystica . He also wrote at Bethlehem De viris illustribus sive de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, a church See also:

• HISTORY

history in See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies, ending with the life of the author; De nominibus Hebraicis, compiled from See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo and Origen; and De situ et nominibus locorum Hebraicorum 1 At the same place, too, he wrote Quaestiones Hebraicae on See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis,' and a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of commentaries on Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel, the Twelve See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor Prophets, See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew and the Epistles of St Paul . About 394 Jerome came to know See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, for whom he held a high regard . He engaged in the Pelagian controversy with more than even his usual bitterness (Dialogi contra pelagianos); and it is said that the violence of his invective so provoked his opponents that an armed See also:

• MOB

mob attacked the monastery, and that Jerome was forced to flee and to remain in concealment for nearly two years . He returned to Bethlehem in 418, and after a lingering illness died on the 3oth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 420 . Jerome " is one of the few Fathers to whom the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint appears to have been given in recognition of services rendered to the Church rather than for eminent sanctity . He is the great Christian scholar of his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, rather than the profound theologian or the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise guide of souls." His great work was the Vulgate, but his achievements in other See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields would have sufficed to distinguish him . His commentaries are valuable because of his knowledge of Greek and Hebrew, his varied interests, and his See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative freedom from See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory . To him we owe the distinction between canonical and apocryphal writings; in the Prologus Galeatus prefixed to his version of See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel and Kings, he says that the church reads the Apocrypha " for the edification of the people, not for confirming the authority of ecclesiastical doctrines." He was a See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer in the fields of patrology and of biblical See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology .

In controversy he was too fond of mingling See also:

• PERSONAL

personal abuse with legitimate See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, and this weakness See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

mars his letters, which were held in high admiration in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early middle ages, and are valuable for their history of the man and his times . See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther in his Table Talk condemns them as dealing only with fasting, meats, virginity, &c . " If he only had insisted upon the works of faith and performed them ! But he teaches nothing either about faith, or love, or See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope, or the works of faith." 1 Compare the critical edition of these two works in See also:

• LAGARDE, PAUL ANTON DE (1827–1891)

Lagarde's Onomastica sacra (Getting . 1870) . z See Lagarde's edition appended to his Genesis Graece (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1868) . See also:

• EDITIONS

Editions of the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete works: See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus (9 vols., See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, 1516–1520); See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar . Victorius, bishop of See also:

• RIETI (anc. Reate)

Rieti (9 vols., Rome, 1565–1572); F . See also:

• CALIXTUS, GEORG (1586-1656)
• CALIXTUS, or CALLISTUS

Calixtus and A . Tribbechovius (12 vols., See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort and Leipzig, 1684–169o); J . Martianay (5 vols., incomplete See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine ed., See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1693–1706); D . Vallarsi (II vols., See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona, 1734–1742), the best; See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, See also:

• PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

Patrol .

See . See also:

• LAT

Lat . (xxii.–See also:

• XXIX

xxix.) . The De viris illust. was edited by Herding in 1879 . A selection is given in translation by W . H . See also:

• FREMANTLE

Fremantle, "Select Library of Nicene and See also:

• POST

Post Nicene Fathers," 2nd series, vol. vi . (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1893) . Biographies are prefixed to most of the above editions . See also lives by F . Z . Collombet (Paris and See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, 1844) ; O .

Zockler (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1865) ; E . L . Cutts (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1878) ; C . See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin (London, 1888) ; P . Largent (Paris, 1898) ; F . W . See also:

• FARRAR, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1831-1903)

Farrar, Lives of the Fathers, ii . 150-297 (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1889) . Additional literature is cited in Hauck-See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog's Realencyk. See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Prot . Theol. viii . 42 .